Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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European Environment AgencyThe European environment — state and outlook 2020.Knowledge for transition to a sustainable Europe2019 — 496 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cmISBN 978-92-9480-090-9doi:10.2800/96749Getting in touch with the EUIn personAll over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct information centres. You can find theaddress of the centre nearest you at: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_enOn the phone or by emailEurope Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact thisservice:• by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls),• at the following standard number: +32 22999696 or• by email via: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_enFinding information about the EUOnlineInformation about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is available on the Europawebsite at: https://europa.eu/european-union/index_enEU publicationsYou can download or order free and priced EU publications at: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publications.Multiple copies of free publications may be obtained by contacting Europe Direct or your local informationcentre (see https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_en).
European Environment AgencyKongens Nytorv 61050 Copenhagen KDenmarkTH-04-19-541-EN-Ndoi:10.2800/96749Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00Web: eea.europa.euEnquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries
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The European environment —state a
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Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
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ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
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I.ForewordThe European environment
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II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
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world, such as water, land, biomass
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EU policies have been more effectiv
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But governments also need to find w
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Sustainability needs to becomethe g
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00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
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PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
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PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.2EEA-Eionet cooperation
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01.Assessing theglobal-Europeancont
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PART 1SOER 2020/Reporting on the en
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PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
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PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
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PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
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PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
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PART 1© Antonio Atanasio Rincón,
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PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
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PART 1time they are the root causes
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PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
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PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
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02.Europe’spolicies andsustainabi
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PART 1Summary• Recognising persis
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PART 1European environmentaland cli
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PART 1United States announced its w
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PART 1BOX 2.2The EU’s Seventh Env
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PART 1© Bojan Bencec, WaterPIX/EEA
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PART 1FIGURE 2.2The emerging EU env
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2
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4par A
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03.Biodiversityand nature72
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PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
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PART 2The 2020 headline target is
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PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
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PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
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PART 2TABLE 3.3Summary assessment
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PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
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PART 2of the objectives of the natu
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04.Freshwater2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Water is
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PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
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PART 2and storage, and flood protec
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PART 2BOX 4.1Examples of solutions
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PART 2MAP 4.2Country comparison —
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PART 2© Chris Happel108 SOER 2020/
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PART 2setting legally binding objec
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05.Land and soil2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
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PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
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PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
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PART 2provide ecosystem services be
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PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
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PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
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06.Marineenvironment2
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par AKey messages• Marine life is
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PART 2people and several maritime a
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PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
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PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
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PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
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PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marin
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PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
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PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
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07.Climate change2
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PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
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PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
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PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
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PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
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PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
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PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
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PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
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PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
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PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
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PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
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PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
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PART 2are also part of the Energy U
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PART 2climate package (UNFCCC, 2015
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PART 2© Giulia Soriente, My City/E
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08.Air pollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
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PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
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PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
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PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
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PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
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PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
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PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
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PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
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09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
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PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
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PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
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PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
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PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
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PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
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PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
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10.Chemicalpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• European
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20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
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PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
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PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
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PART 2in which there are significan
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PART 2chemicals is not enough to ex
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PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
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11.Environmentalnoise2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
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PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
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PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
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PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
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PART 2FIGURE 11.4Outlook for 2020 a
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PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
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PART 2mapping are still incomplete,
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12.Industrialpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
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PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
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PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
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PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
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PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
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PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
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PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
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PART 2Europe will require additiona
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13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
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PART 2market for environmental tech
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PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
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PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
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PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
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PART 2implementation patterns vary
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PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
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PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
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PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
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PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
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PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
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PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
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PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
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14.Summaryassessment2
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PART 2par A4 par A
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PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
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PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
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PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
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PART 2use of nature-based solutions
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PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
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PART 2• The situation in Europe i
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2
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15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
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PART 3a comprehensive global approa
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PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
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PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
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PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
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16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
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PART 3par ASummary• European cons
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PART 3in high-tech products and eme
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PART 3The European food systemis ch
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PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
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PART 3the principles of agroecology
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PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
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PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
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PART 3in the demand for transport i
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PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
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PART 3approach at the level of the
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© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
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PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
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PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
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PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
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17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
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PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
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PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
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PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
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PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
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PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
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PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
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PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
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PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
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PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
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PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
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PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
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PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
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PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
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PART 3about using creative and part
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PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
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PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
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2
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18.Where do wego from here?4
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PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
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PART 4widespread environmental harm
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PART 4Better integration of environ
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PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
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PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
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AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
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References(https://espas.secure.eur
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EC, 2018a, ‘Challenges for Europe
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Lucas, P. and Wilting, H., 2018, Us
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EC, 2015, Report from the Commissio
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Orgiazzi, A., et al., 2016, Global
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