Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PART 1BOX 1.4Assessment of Europe’s environmental footprint based on planetary boundariesThe study assessed whether Europe’senvironmental footprints are withinthe ‘safe operating space’ defined bythe planetary boundaries framework byusing a ‘basket’ of allocation approaches.It explored the implications of usingfour allocation principles proposedin the context of climate negotiations(e.g. Höhne et al., 2014), in addition to theequality principle:Needs: people’s different resource needsdue to age, household size, location ofresidence.Rights to development: resource needsproportional to development level (moreresources to less developed countries toenable them to meet their developmentobjectives).Sovereignty: resource needs as a functionof economic throughput, biocapacity andland availability.Capability: resource needs according towealth and financial capability.The principle of sovereignty results in thehighest European share of the global safeoperating space (median of 12.5 %), whilethe principle of rights to developmentresults in the lowest share (median of4.1 %). The yellow range in Figure 1.9represents the average range across thefive allocation principles, with a medianof 6.9 %. This yellow range is defined asthe ‘zone of uncertainty’ to reflect thenormative process of defining a Europeansafe operating space.This basket of allocation approachhas been tested at the European scalewith consumption-based footprintdata (Exiobase, version 3) for threeplanetary boundaries: (1) land systemchange; (2) biogeochemical flows(phosphorus, nitrogen, addressedseparately); and (3) freshwater use.The results largely confirm the findingsfrom Häyhä et al. (2018). Europeantransgressions are substantial forphosphorus and nitrogen, regardless ofwhich allocation principle is used. Theland boundary is transgressed whenapplying the equality, needs, rights todevelopment and capability principlesbut not when using the economicallydetermined sovereignty principle (notseen in the averaged yellow range inFigure 1.9). The freshwater boundary isnot transgressed in Europe as a whole,regardless of which allocation principleis applied. However, this does not meanthat there are not severe regional waterissues, especially in southern Europe. ■FIGURE 1.9European consumption-based performance for selected planetary boundariesLand system change (Land cover anthropisation) (10 6 km 2 )0 1 2 3 4 5Nitrogen cycle (Nitrogen losses) (Tg N)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 78Phosphorus cycle (Phosphorus losses) (Tg P)0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24Freshwater use (km 3 )0 200 400 600 800 1 000Within estimated European share of global safe operating spaceZone of uncertainty (increasing risk)Beyond estimated European share of global safe operating space (high risk)European footprint in 2011Notes:The yellow zone of uncertainty represents the average range across the six principles to allocate a European share of the global safeoperating space.The study takes a conservative approach, as it calculates the European share based on the lower end values of the global zone ofuncertainty defined by Steen et al. (2015). For example, the global zone of uncertainty for freshwater is defined as 4 000-6 000 km 3 inSteffen et al. (2015). This study uses 4 000 km 3 as the basis for calculating the European share. In some cases (indicated in brackets)slightly different control variables have been used than in Steffen et al. (2015).Source:EEA and FOEN (forthcoming).SOER 2020/Assessing the global-European context and trends53
02.Europe’spolicies andsustainabilitygoals54
Page 1 and 2:
The European environment —state a
Page 3 and 4: Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
Page 8 and 9: I.ForewordThe European environment
Page 10 and 11: II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
Page 12 and 13: world, such as water, land, biomass
Page 14 and 15: EU policies have been more effectiv
Page 16 and 17: But governments also need to find w
Page 18: Sustainability needs to becomethe g
Page 21 and 22: 00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
Page 23 and 24: PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
Page 25 and 26: PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
Page 27 and 28: PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
Page 29 and 30: PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
Page 31 and 32: PART 1BOX 0.2EEA-Eionet cooperation
Page 33 and 34: 01.Assessing theglobal-Europeancont
Page 35 and 36: PART 1SOER 2020/Reporting on the en
Page 37 and 38: PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
Page 39 and 40: PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
Page 41 and 42: PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
Page 43 and 44: PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
Page 45 and 46: PART 1© Antonio Atanasio Rincón,
Page 47 and 48: PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
Page 49 and 50: PART 1time they are the root causes
Page 51 and 52: PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
Page 53: PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
Page 57 and 58: PART 1Summary• Recognising persis
Page 59 and 60: PART 1European environmentaland cli
Page 61 and 62: PART 1United States announced its w
Page 63 and 64: PART 1BOX 2.2The EU’s Seventh Env
Page 65 and 66: PART 1© Bojan Bencec, WaterPIX/EEA
Page 67 and 68: PART 1FIGURE 2.2The emerging EU env
Page 69 and 70: 2
Page 71 and 72: 4par A
Page 73 and 74: 03.Biodiversityand nature72
Page 75 and 76: PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
Page 77 and 78: PART 2The 2020 headline target is
Page 79 and 80: PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
Page 81 and 82: PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
Page 83 and 84: PART 2TABLE 3.3Summary assessment
Page 85 and 86: PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
Page 91 and 92: PART 2of the objectives of the natu
Page 93 and 94: 04.Freshwater2
Page 95 and 96: PART 2par AKey messages• Water is
Page 97 and 98: PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
Page 99 and 100: PART 2and storage, and flood protec
Page 103 and 104: PART 2BOX 4.1Examples of solutions
Page 105 and 106:
PART 2MAP 4.2Country comparison —
Page 107 and 108:
PART 2TABLE 4.4Summary assessment
Page 109 and 110:
PART 2© Chris Happel108 SOER 2020/
Page 111 and 112:
PART 2setting legally binding objec
Page 113 and 114:
05.Land and soil2
Page 115 and 116:
PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
Page 117 and 118:
PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
Page 119 and 120:
PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
Page 121 and 122:
PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
Page 123 and 124:
PART 2provide ecosystem services be
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
Page 129 and 130:
PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
06.Marineenvironment2
Page 135 and 136:
par AKey messages• Marine life is
Page 137 and 138:
PART 2people and several maritime a
Page 139 and 140:
PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
Page 141 and 142:
PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
Page 143 and 144:
PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
Page 145 and 146:
PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marin
Page 147 and 148:
PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
Page 153 and 154:
07.Climate change2
Page 155 and 156:
PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
Page 157 and 158:
PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
Page 159 and 160:
PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
Page 161 and 162:
PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
Page 163 and 164:
PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
Page 165 and 166:
PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
Page 167 and 168:
PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
Page 173 and 174:
PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
Page 175 and 176:
PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
Page 181 and 182:
PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
Page 183 and 184:
PART 2are also part of the Energy U
Page 185 and 186:
PART 2climate package (UNFCCC, 2015
Page 187 and 188:
PART 2© Giulia Soriente, My City/E
Page 189 and 190:
08.Air pollution2
Page 191 and 192:
PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
Page 193 and 194:
PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
Page 195 and 196:
PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
Page 197 and 198:
PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
Page 199 and 200:
PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
Page 209 and 210:
PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
Page 211 and 212:
09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
Page 213 and 214:
PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
Page 215 and 216:
PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
Page 217 and 218:
PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
Page 227 and 228:
PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
Page 229 and 230:
PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
Page 231 and 232:
10.Chemicalpollution2
Page 233 and 234:
PART 2par AKey messages• European
Page 235 and 236:
20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
Page 237 and 238:
PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
Page 239 and 240:
PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
Page 241 and 242:
PART 2in which there are significan
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
PART 2chemicals is not enough to ex
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
Page 253 and 254:
11.Environmentalnoise2
Page 255 and 256:
PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
Page 257 and 258:
PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
Page 259 and 260:
PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
Page 261 and 262:
PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
Page 263 and 264:
PART 2FIGURE 11.4Outlook for 2020 a
Page 265 and 266:
PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
Page 267 and 268:
PART 2mapping are still incomplete,
Page 269 and 270:
12.Industrialpollution2
Page 271 and 272:
PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
Page 273 and 274:
PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
Page 275 and 276:
PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
Page 277 and 278:
PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
Page 279 and 280:
PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
Page 281 and 282:
PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
Page 283 and 284:
PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
PART 2Europe will require additiona
Page 289 and 290:
13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
Page 291 and 292:
PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
Page 293 and 294:
PART 2market for environmental tech
Page 295 and 296:
PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
Page 297 and 298:
PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
Page 299 and 300:
PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
Page 301 and 302:
PART 2implementation patterns vary
Page 303 and 304:
PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
Page 305 and 306:
PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
Page 307 and 308:
PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
Page 309 and 310:
PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
Page 311 and 312:
PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
Page 313 and 314:
PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
Page 315 and 316:
PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
Page 317 and 318:
14.Summaryassessment2
Page 319 and 320:
PART 2par A4 par A
Page 321 and 322:
PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
Page 323 and 324:
PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
Page 325 and 326:
PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
Page 327 and 328:
PART 2use of nature-based solutions
Page 329 and 330:
PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
Page 331 and 332:
PART 2• The situation in Europe i
Page 333 and 334:
2
Page 335 and 336:
15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
Page 337 and 338:
PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
Page 339 and 340:
PART 3a comprehensive global approa
Page 341 and 342:
PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
Page 343 and 344:
PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
Page 345 and 346:
PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
Page 347 and 348:
16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
Page 349 and 350:
PART 3par ASummary• European cons
Page 351 and 352:
PART 3in high-tech products and eme
Page 353 and 354:
PART 3The European food systemis ch
Page 355 and 356:
PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
Page 357 and 358:
PART 3the principles of agroecology
Page 359 and 360:
PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
Page 361 and 362:
PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
Page 363 and 364:
PART 3in the demand for transport i
Page 365 and 366:
PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
Page 367 and 368:
PART 3approach at the level of the
Page 369 and 370:
© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
Page 371 and 372:
PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
Page 373 and 374:
PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
Page 375 and 376:
PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
Page 377 and 378:
17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
Page 379 and 380:
PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
Page 381 and 382:
PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
Page 383 and 384:
PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
Page 385 and 386:
PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
Page 387 and 388:
PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
Page 389 and 390:
PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
Page 391 and 392:
PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
Page 393 and 394:
PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
Page 395 and 396:
PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
Page 397 and 398:
PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
Page 399 and 400:
PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
Page 401 and 402:
PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
Page 403 and 404:
PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
Page 405 and 406:
PART 3about using creative and part
Page 407 and 408:
PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
Page 409 and 410:
PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
Page 411 and 412:
2
Page 413 and 414:
18.Where do wego from here?4
Page 415 and 416:
PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
Page 417 and 418:
PART 4widespread environmental harm
Page 419 and 420:
PART 4Better integration of environ
Page 421 and 422:
PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
Page 423 and 424:
PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
Page 425 and 426:
AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
Page 427 and 428:
References(https://espas.secure.eur
Page 429 and 430:
EC, 2018a, ‘Challenges for Europe
Page 431 and 432:
Lucas, P. and Wilting, H., 2018, Us
Page 433 and 434:
Commission for Europe, Oslo, Norway
Page 435 and 436:
accessed 6 August 2019.EEC, 1975, C
Page 437 and 438:
EC, 2015, Report from the Commissio
Page 439 and 440:
breeding forest birds in southern F
Page 441 and 442:
(2007/60/EC) Second River Basin Man
Page 443 and 444:
Byrne, K. A. and et al., 2004, EU p
Page 445 and 446:
Orgiazzi, A., et al., 2016, Global
Page 447 and 448:
and Social Committee and the Commit
Page 449 and 450:
Livsmedelsverket, 2018, ‘Dioxiner
Page 451 and 452:
EC, 2015b, Communication from the C
Page 453 and 454:
EEA, 2018g, ‘Progress on energy e
Page 455 and 456:
No 41, Convention on Biological Div
Page 457 and 458:
air-pollutant-emissions/assessment-
Page 459 and 460:
EC, 2018b, Communication from the C
Page 461 and 462:
Eurostat, 2019i, ‘Mining and quar
Page 463 and 464:
Council and the European Parliament
Page 465 and 466:
EU, 2008b, Regulation (EC) No 1272/
Page 467 and 468:
report%20final.pdf) accessed 31 Oct
Page 469 and 470:
technical specifications for intero
Page 471 and 472:
EEA, 2019e, Industrial waste water
Page 473 and 474:
Chaudhary, A., et al., 2016, ‘Imp
Page 475 and 476:
European Environment Agency (https:
Page 477 and 478:
Schelhaas, M.-J., et al., 2018, ‘
Page 479 and 480:
(https://www.eea.europa.eu/publicat
Page 481 and 482:
IPCC, 2018, Global warming of 1.5
Page 483 and 484:
Committee of the Regions — A Euro
Page 485 and 486:
accessed 1 September 2019.EEA, 2018
Page 487 and 488:
Germany (https://www.boell.de/de/20
Page 489 and 490:
interdisciplinarity) accessed 18 Ja
Page 491 and 492:
EC, 2015a, Communication from the C
Page 493 and 494:
of Helsinki (https://helda.helsinki
Page 495 and 496:
energy finance landscape, with impl
Page 497 and 498:
IPES Food, 2018, Towards a common f
Page 499:
European Environment AgencyKongens
show all

Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?