Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

PART 2
BOX 3.2 EU Pollinators initiative
Pollinators are an integral part of
healthy ecosystems. In Europe,
pollinators are mainly insects such as
bees (domesticated and wild bees),
hoverflies, butterflies, moths and
beetles. Without them, many plant
species would decline and eventually
disappear along with the organisms
that depend on them. They are
also important from an economic
perspective: in the EU, around 84 %
of crops and 78 % of temperate wild
flowers depend, at least in part, on
animal pollination and an estimated
EUR 15 billion of the EU’s annual
agricultural output is directly attributed
to insect pollinators (EC, 2018b).
In recent decades pollinators have
declined dramatically and many species
are on the verge of extinction (EC,
2018c). Existing evidence suggests that
the main drivers of pollinator decline are
land use change, intensive agricultural
management and pesticide use,
environmental pollution, invasive alien
species, diseases and climate change
(IPBES, 2016). Mitigating the decline
will require actions across sectors,
particularly in land management.
Acknowledging the urgent need
to address pollinator decline, on
1 June 2018, the European Commission
adopted a Communication on the
first‐ever EU initiative on pollinators.
The initiative sets strategic objectives
and a set of actions to be taken by the
EU and its Member States to address
the decline in pollinators in the EU
and contribute to global conservation
efforts. It sets the framework for an
integrated approach to the problem
and a more effective use of existing
tools and policies now and in the
following years under three priorities:
(1) improving knowledge of pollinator
decline, its causes and consequences;
(2) tackling the causes of pollinator
decline; and (3) raising awareness,
engaging society at large and promoting
collaboration (EC, 2018a, 2018b). ■
status for almost all terrestrial
ecosystem types and that the majority
of non‐provisioning ecosystem services
such as regulation of freshwater quality
or pollination (Box 3.2) show declining
trends (1960‐2017) (IPBES, 2018).
Although reporting on ecosystem
condition and services is a relatively
new area and the coverage and
availability of data and information
is not comprehensive, it offers the
potential for applying new technologies
and innovation as well as providing an
important benchmark with high policy
relevance.
The EU biodiversity strategy to 2020,
the global strategic plan for biodiversity
2011-2020 and many of the Sustainable
Development Goals put ecosystems
at the core of agreed objectives and
targets. Target 2 of the EU biodiversity
strategy explicitly aims to maintain and
restore ecosystems and their services
by including green infrastructure
in spatial planning and restoring at
least 15 % of degraded ecosystems
Biodiversity targets will not be
met without wider and more
effective implementation
of existing policies and
stronger societal responses
to biodiversity loss.
by 2020. Action 5 in Target 2 of the
EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 calls
on Member States to map and assess
ecosystems and their services in their
national territory. This mapping and
assessment of ecosystems and their
services (MAES) process developed a
common analytical framework to carry
out the relevant assessment (Maes
et al., 2013, 2018). Work at national
level is complemented by an EU-wide
assessment performed by the EEA
and the JRC, which aims to provide the
knowledge base for the other actions
and targets of the strategy, e.g. green
infrastructure, sustainable agriculture
and forestry.
The final outcomes of the EU-wide
assessment will be available by the
end of 2019. The work done so far has
looked at trends in five main categories
of pressures (Section 3.1) in eight broad
MAES ecosystem types in Europe (urban,
cropland, grassland, heathland and
shrub, woodland and forest, wetlands,
freshwater and marine). Habitat change,
including loss and fragmentation, as
well as pollution, have had the greatest
overall impact and they seem to be
on the increase in more than 60 % of
ecosystems assessed (EEA, 2016c). The
effects of climate change on ecosystems
are wide ranging and are considered one
of the key risk factors for biodiversity
decline and are projected to increase
significantly across all ecosystems. A
warming climate is leading to changes
in species distribution and causing shifts
in their ranges (EEA, 2017) as well as
phenological changes, which may lead to
decreased food availability and increased
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