Glossary Plant Breeding

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Growth. The increase in mass of the organism, which is intimately associated withcellular metabolic activity.Gynoecious. Of plants having only pistillate flowers.Gyanogenesis. The development of a haploid embryo (individual) from the egg cell.Gynandromorph. An individual that is a mosaic of male and female structures. Theunderlying cause is frequently sex chromosome mosaicism, such that some cells arechromosomal females, whereas others are chromosomal males.104
H4 (Patel 1971). The first commercial hybrid of cotton in the world. It was developed atCotton Research Station, Surat (India) by crossing two upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.)varieties namely ‘Gujrat 67’ and ‘American Nectariless’. The commercial seedproduction was performed manually.Habitat. That place inhabited by a population, species, or a group of species.Haploid (Blakeslee et al. 1922). A cell or organism with gametic chromosome number. Ithas also been defined as a sporophyte with the gametophytic chromosome number.Haploids, when viable, are typically smaller and less vigorous than diploids. They arecharacteristically sterile. The reason that accounts for sterility in monoploids holdstrue in this case also. Haploids are produced spontaneously in natural populations orthey can be produced artificially through a number of techniques. Haploid embryoscan arise from an egg cell (gyanogenesis), from a gametophytic cell other than the eggcell (apogamy) or from a male gamete (androgenesis). However, no one method ofproducing haploids is effective with many species. They have special significance inthe plant breeding as they can provide complete homozygous line after doublingchromosome number in a single generation. They are also useful in basic geneticinvestigation as genetic segregation is less complex compared to diploids (which havetwo chromosomes of a particular kind).Haploidization. Production of a haploid from a diploid (or a di- or poly-haploid from apolyploid) by progressive chromosome loss.Haplontic. Of organisms (called haplonts) with a life cycle in which meiosis occurs inthe zygote giving rose to four haploid cells. The diploid stage is short-lived.Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. A state of population in which the same proportion ofgenotypes is carried forward to successive generations with respect to any given locusor combination of loci. It is also called genetic equilibrium or Hardy-Weinberg-Tschetverikov equilibrium after the name of its propounders. If a population is not inequilibrium, equilibrium at a locus is established after one generation of panmixis(random mating). If, the gene frequency p or q in males is not equal to that of females,105
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PrefacePlant Breeding has passed th
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occurrence of one stress more often
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awns, while together produce long a
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Albinism. A condition of absence or
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Allosomes. Accessory chromosomes th
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deficient in proteins of legumes. C
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wheat, the degree of tolerance to r
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regulation of the fruit-ripening ge
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slowly compared to sexually reprodu
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formed, and (b) the randomness of d
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[(W Aa -W aa )/(W Aa -W AA )+(W Aa
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Biochemical Genetics. A branch of g
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Biotechnology. A technology involvi
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an individual’s true genetic pote
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Bulbosum Technique (Kasha and Kao 1
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Canalised Character. A character wh
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Cell Cycle. The life cycle of the i
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proper environment is present; conv
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Chromomere. A small beadlike struct
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cis-trans Test. A test to determine
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Coarse Cereals. A group of cereals
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Complementation. The production of
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the like. Non-planted borders, vari
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Confounding. A technique of reducin
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the table value at (n -2) degree of
Page 60 and 61: heterozygotes have lower crossing-o
Page 62 and 63: However, such male sterile plants m
Page 64 and 65: recessive) govern their elongation
Page 66 and 67: Developmental Genetics. A branch of
Page 68 and 69: Dihaploid. Ahaploid(n=2x) of tetrap
Page 70 and 71: Disjunction. The separation of daug
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Page 74 and 75: termed primary dormancy. However, i
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Page 78 and 79: Early Generation Testing. Also call
Page 80 and 81: Egg Mother Cell. A megasporocyte th
Page 82 and 83: thermodynamics) states that every t
Page 84 and 85: Escape (Drought). A mechanism of ps
Page 86 and 87: through transmission from generatio
Page 88 and 89: FF 1 . The first generation of a cr
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Page 92 and 93: genotype is unconditionally superio
Page 94 and 95: Frequency Independent Selection. Se
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Page 106 and 107: breeding programme. Several genes o
Page 108 and 109: are located in the cytosol. The net
Page 112 and 113: then it takes one generation to equ
Page 114 and 115: Hermaphroditism. A condition concer
Page 116 and 117: Heterosis (Shull 1908). A phenomeno
Page 118 and 119: Holliday Junctions. The structures
Page 120 and 121: horizontal resistance. Owing to rac
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Page 124 and 125: IJI-Line. Inbred line.I 1 , I 2 , I
Page 126 and 127: probability that the two alleles at
Page 128 and 129: Indeterminate. Descriptive of an in
Page 130 and 131: Integrated Plant Nutrition. A syste
Page 132 and 133: or selling a protected matter or pr
Page 134 and 135: Javanica Rice. An intermediate (bet
Page 136 and 137: turns of the cycle to metabolise th
Page 138 and 139: Law of Segregation. The first law o
Page 140 and 141: Line. A group of individuals/plants
Page 142 and 143: Lodging resistance may be directly
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Page 146 and 147: might save several hectares, and fe
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Page 150 and 151: Metacentric Chromosome. A chromosom
Page 152 and 153: frequency, if there is no differenc
Page 154 and 155: Modified Single Cross. The progeny
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barriers of several resistance to t
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Mutein. A protein with one or more
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evolutionary genetics into descent
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Non-Mendelian Ratio. An unusual rat
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Nucellus. A parenchymatous tissue t
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Nutritional Value. The value of a f
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always proceeds in the opposite dir
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Outbreeding. Mating between relativ
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an inversion heterozygote for cross
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Passive Resistance. The resistance
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Pedigree Breeding. A system of bree
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used to compensate for defects by c
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provide conditions to facilitate fl
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Pleiotropic Mutation. A mutation th
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pairing only between homologous chr
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Positive Control. Regulation mediat
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and the phrase rate of production h
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when either the host or the pathoge
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Punnett Square. A grid used as a gr
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192
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phenotype. However, multiple alleli
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R Plasmid. A plasmid containing one
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generations, respectively. Which on
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Realised Heritability. The ratio of
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tester are propagated from the self
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Renaturation. The return to the nat
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Resistance Mosaics. A strategy of r
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deals with and changes in the DNA u
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S. Svedberg unit; a unit of sedimen
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Second Site Mutation. The second mu
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Selection Pressure. The intensity o
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or - (in case of physiological diff
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Sibs. Progeny of the same parents d
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Sister Chromatid Exchange. An event
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Speciation. The formation of a new
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Spontaneous Mutation. A mutation oc
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Staminate flower. A flower bearing
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Structural Gene. A gene encoding am
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evolutionary terms, it is possible
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Tagging. TheuseofapieceofforeignDNA
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Terminator Technology. A technology
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Tetrad. A group of four. It may be
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antibiosis in its mechanism. The la
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Transcription. The synthesis of a R
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Transposon. A segment of genetic ma
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and ruggedness of rye. The hexaploi
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Two Stage Testing (Hanson and Brim
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Unineme Theory. A theory that state
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genetic and environmental (non-gene
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reproduction or by mutation. If gen
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Vitality Mutation. Any mutation the
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thecrossmaybereferredtoasdistant cr
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Zygote. A fertilized egg cell; a ce
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17. Bruce AB. 1910. The Mendelian t
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41. East EM. 1936. Genetic aspects
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68. Hayman BI and Mather K. 1953. T
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97. Peleman JD and Voort JRVD. 2003
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124. Stadler LJ. 1944. Gamete selec
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