Glossary Plant Breeding

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phenotype. However, multiple allelic series of a single gene can also produce a varietyof continuously varying phenotypes on the scale of measurement (but the presence ofall members of such a series is unlikely in any one population at a given point oftime). Expression of a quantitative character can be depicted as:Envirn. 1 Environ. 2 Envirn.3 Environ. nth↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Gene A -------› Precursor A--------›Precursors AB ---------›ABC -----------› Final product↑ ↑ ↑ ↓Gene B Gene C Gene nth a wide rangeof variationowing to effectsof environmentat each stepMost characters with which plant breeders work are unfortunately of this type, e.g.,protein content, cold or drought tolerance, etc. However, it must be understood thateven a one gene-two alleles system can result in a continuous distribution ofphenotypes if environment variation is large. Therefore, a quantitative trait is one forwhich phenotypic difference between genotypes is small as compared to differencebetween individuals within genotypes.Quantitative Variation. The existence of a range of phenotypes for a specific character,differing by degree rather than by distinct qualitative differences.Quantitative Genetics. The genetics of quantitative traits or continuously varyingcharacters.Quantitative Resistance. A class of resistance for which there occurs a continuousgradation between resistance and susceptibility within a population of plants.Therefore, no clear-cut distinction between resistant and susceptible plants isobserved, that is, they form a single spectrum consisting of different degrees ofresistance and susceptibility.Quasidiploid. A cell with diploid chromosome number but aneuploid chromosome sets,trisomic-monosomic (2n + 1 – 1), for example.Quasiqualitative Character. An otherwise quantitative character which pretends to bequalitative one, e.g., kernel colour in corn. Such traits show continuous distributions194
on the phenotypic scale; however, their inheritance is oligogenic like that ofqualitative traits. But so many minor genes regulate it. Continuous distribution maybe ascribed to the presence of several modifiers and regulatory genes affectingexpression of those oligogenes.Quaternary Structure (of Protein). The multimeric constitution of the protein.195
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PrefacePlant Breeding has passed th
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occurrence of one stress more often
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awns, while together produce long a
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Albinism. A condition of absence or
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Allosomes. Accessory chromosomes th
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deficient in proteins of legumes. C
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wheat, the degree of tolerance to r
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regulation of the fruit-ripening ge
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slowly compared to sexually reprodu
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formed, and (b) the randomness of d
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[(W Aa -W aa )/(W Aa -W AA )+(W Aa
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Biochemical Genetics. A branch of g
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Biotechnology. A technology involvi
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an individual’s true genetic pote
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Bulbosum Technique (Kasha and Kao 1
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Canalised Character. A character wh
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Cell Cycle. The life cycle of the i
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proper environment is present; conv
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Chromomere. A small beadlike struct
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cis-trans Test. A test to determine
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Coarse Cereals. A group of cereals
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Complementation. The production of
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the like. Non-planted borders, vari
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Confounding. A technique of reducin
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the table value at (n -2) degree of
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heterozygotes have lower crossing-o
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However, such male sterile plants m
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recessive) govern their elongation
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Developmental Genetics. A branch of
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Dihaploid. Ahaploid(n=2x) of tetrap
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Disjunction. The separation of daug
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one of the homozygotes, the phenome
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termed primary dormancy. However, i
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facing in breeding for drought tole
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Early Generation Testing. Also call
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Egg Mother Cell. A megasporocyte th
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thermodynamics) states that every t
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Escape (Drought). A mechanism of ps
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through transmission from generatio
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FF 1 . The first generation of a cr
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Fecundity. The reproductive potenti
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genotype is unconditionally superio
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Frequency Independent Selection. Se
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Gametogenesis. The formation of fem
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(q2), that is, selection cost equal
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locus, if the fitness of a genotype
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Genetic Male Sterility. A type of m
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selection pressure results in at le
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breeding programme. Several genes o
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are located in the cytosol. The net
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Growth. The increase in mass of the
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then it takes one generation to equ
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Hermaphroditism. A condition concer
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Heterosis (Shull 1908). A phenomeno
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Holliday Junctions. The structures
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horizontal resistance. Owing to rac
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as productive as the F 1 itself. Th
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IJI-Line. Inbred line.I 1 , I 2 , I
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probability that the two alleles at
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Indeterminate. Descriptive of an in
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Integrated Plant Nutrition. A syste
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or selling a protected matter or pr
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Javanica Rice. An intermediate (bet
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turns of the cycle to metabolise th
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Law of Segregation. The first law o
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Line. A group of individuals/plants
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Lodging resistance may be directly
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makes mechanical emasculation unnec
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might save several hectares, and fe
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Mechanical Errors. Errors occurring
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Page 162 and 163: Mutein. A protein with one or more
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Page 202 and 203: R Plasmid. A plasmid containing one
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Page 216 and 217: S. Svedberg unit; a unit of sedimen
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Page 228 and 229: Speciation. The formation of a new
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Page 232 and 233: Staminate flower. A flower bearing
Page 234 and 235: Structural Gene. A gene encoding am
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Page 240 and 241: Terminator Technology. A technology
Page 242 and 243: Tetrad. A group of four. It may be
Page 244 and 245: antibiosis in its mechanism. The la
Page 246 and 247: Transcription. The synthesis of a R
Page 248 and 249: Transposon. A segment of genetic ma
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and ruggedness of rye. The hexaploi
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Two Stage Testing (Hanson and Brim
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Unineme Theory. A theory that state
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genetic and environmental (non-gene
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reproduction or by mutation. If gen
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Vitality Mutation. Any mutation the
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thecrossmaybereferredtoasdistant cr
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Zygote. A fertilized egg cell; a ce
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17. Bruce AB. 1910. The Mendelian t
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41. East EM. 1936. Genetic aspects
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68. Hayman BI and Mather K. 1953. T
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97. Peleman JD and Voort JRVD. 2003
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124. Stadler LJ. 1944. Gamete selec
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