Glossary Plant Breeding

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Nutritional Value. The value of a food as judged by its taste, calorific value, quantityand quality of proteins, presence of vitamins and minerals, absence of antinutritionalfactors, etc.Nutritious Diet. A diet that promotes health and prevents disease through supply of allthe essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins. Variations in nutritive content of fooddepends on soil nutrients and cultivars.164
Ochre Codon. One of the stop codons, UAA.Ocimene. A volatile terpene found in certain legumes. Its amount varies among clones,and thus ocimene content may be altered by breeding, suggesting that clones withimproved attractiveness for honeybee visitation could be developed.Octad. A group of eight ascospores contained in an ascus. It is produced in species inwhich the tetrad normally undergoes a post-meiotic mitotic division.ODV. Other Distinguishable Varieties; seeds of other varieties with distinct appearancepresent in a seed lot of designated variety.OECD. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD wasdeveloped after the Second World War in Europe. The scheme developed for uniformtechnology and standard methods and practice for seed production and certificationfor forage moving in international trade was taken over by OECD in 1962. Since then,it adopted and implemented schemes for certification of different kinds of seedsincluding those of cereals, sugar beet, forestry, and the like. The basic objective ofOECD seed scheme is to encourage use of seed of high quality in the participatingcountries. The scheme authorizes use of labels and certificates for seed produced andprocessed for international trade according to the seed principles. The scheme is openon voluntary basis to members of organization as well as to other member countriesof United Nations. If a country adopts OECD seed schemes, it is obliged to ensurethat the rules of the scheme are strictly observed.Off - Season Nursery. A place wherein a breeding strain is grown in a season not suitedto its normal rearing. The off-season planting serves the purpose of advancinggenerations, e.g., growing of off-season wheat and chickpea at Wellington (TamilNadu) and Dharwad (Karnataka), respectively.Okasaki Fragment. A small segment of single-stranded DNA synthesized as a part ofthe lagging strand in DNA replication. The strand of the original DNA being used asthe template for lagging strand is unfolded in 3’ to 5’ direction; however, replication165
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PrefacePlant Breeding has passed th
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occurrence of one stress more often
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awns, while together produce long a
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Albinism. A condition of absence or
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Allosomes. Accessory chromosomes th
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deficient in proteins of legumes. C
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wheat, the degree of tolerance to r
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regulation of the fruit-ripening ge
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slowly compared to sexually reprodu
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formed, and (b) the randomness of d
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[(W Aa -W aa )/(W Aa -W AA )+(W Aa
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Biochemical Genetics. A branch of g
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Biotechnology. A technology involvi
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an individual’s true genetic pote
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Bulbosum Technique (Kasha and Kao 1
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Canalised Character. A character wh
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Cell Cycle. The life cycle of the i
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proper environment is present; conv
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Chromomere. A small beadlike struct
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cis-trans Test. A test to determine
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Coarse Cereals. A group of cereals
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Complementation. The production of
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the like. Non-planted borders, vari
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Confounding. A technique of reducin
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the table value at (n -2) degree of
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heterozygotes have lower crossing-o
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However, such male sterile plants m
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recessive) govern their elongation
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Developmental Genetics. A branch of
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Dihaploid. Ahaploid(n=2x) of tetrap
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Disjunction. The separation of daug
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one of the homozygotes, the phenome
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termed primary dormancy. However, i
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facing in breeding for drought tole
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Early Generation Testing. Also call
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Egg Mother Cell. A megasporocyte th
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thermodynamics) states that every t
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Escape (Drought). A mechanism of ps
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through transmission from generatio
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FF 1 . The first generation of a cr
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Fecundity. The reproductive potenti
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genotype is unconditionally superio
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Frequency Independent Selection. Se
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Gametogenesis. The formation of fem
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(q2), that is, selection cost equal
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locus, if the fitness of a genotype
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Genetic Male Sterility. A type of m
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selection pressure results in at le
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breeding programme. Several genes o
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are located in the cytosol. The net
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Growth. The increase in mass of the
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then it takes one generation to equ
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Hermaphroditism. A condition concer
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Heterosis (Shull 1908). A phenomeno
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Holliday Junctions. The structures
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Page 200 and 201: phenotype. However, multiple alleli
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Selection Pressure. The intensity o
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or - (in case of physiological diff
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Sibs. Progeny of the same parents d
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Sister Chromatid Exchange. An event
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Speciation. The formation of a new
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Spontaneous Mutation. A mutation oc
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Staminate flower. A flower bearing
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Structural Gene. A gene encoding am
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evolutionary terms, it is possible
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Tagging. TheuseofapieceofforeignDNA
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Terminator Technology. A technology
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Tetrad. A group of four. It may be
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antibiosis in its mechanism. The la
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Transcription. The synthesis of a R
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Transposon. A segment of genetic ma
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and ruggedness of rye. The hexaploi
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Two Stage Testing (Hanson and Brim
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Unineme Theory. A theory that state
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genetic and environmental (non-gene
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reproduction or by mutation. If gen
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Vitality Mutation. Any mutation the
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thecrossmaybereferredtoasdistant cr
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Zygote. A fertilized egg cell; a ce
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17. Bruce AB. 1910. The Mendelian t
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41. East EM. 1936. Genetic aspects
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68. Hayman BI and Mather K. 1953. T
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97. Peleman JD and Voort JRVD. 2003
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124. Stadler LJ. 1944. Gamete selec
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