Glossary Plant Breeding

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Vitality Mutation. Any mutation the effect of which is difficult to determine but whichchanges the viability of the carrier genotype if present in an effective dosage. Whethersemilethal, sub-vital, or super-vital, all these mutations fall in this category.VNTR. Variable Number Tandem Repeat. A chromosomal locus at which a particularrepetitive sequence is present in different numbers in different individuals or in thetwo different homologs in one diploid individual.254
Wallace Effect. The process of selection for reproductive isolation.Waterlogging Stress. A stress imposed to plants by continued stagnation of water. Somecrop plants, for example rice, tolerate waterlogging stress by virtue of their specialcharacters (presence of aerenchymatous cells). Other crop plants are prone towaterlogging stress especially at seedling stage. Under waterlogged condition oxygendiffusion rates (ODR) in flooded soil is about 100 times lower than air, and respiration ofplant roots, soil micro-flora and fauna leads to rapid exhaustion of soil oxygen, andthereby causing anaerobiosis. Oxygen deprivation, either completely (anoxia) or partially(hypoxia) is detrimental to most species of higher plants as it disturbs the respiratorycycle of plant by changing it from aerobic (kreb cycle = 38 ATP) to anaerobic(glycolysis=2 ATP) cycle. However, proximate causes of plant injury can be oxygendeficit or mineral nutrient imbalances, a decrease in cytokinins or other hormonesreleased from the roots, a decrease in available soil nitrogen and/or nitrogen uptake, anincrease in toxic compounds in soil such as methane, ethylene, ferrous ions ormanganese,an increase in toxic compounds (in the plant) such as ethanol or ethylene, andan increase in disease causing organisms. Empirical evidences suggest that waterlogging,in general, causes rapid senescence and drooping of the shoot tips of plants. In pigeonpea,it reduces plant height and delays flowering in surviving plants, resulting in reduction inthe number of pods, seeds/pod and seed yield. It has been observed that seed coatthickness, aerenchymatous cells, lenticels and adventitious roots also affect tolerance towaterlogging in pigeonpea. However, these traits need to be confirmed and re-validatedbefore these can be used as selection criteria in crop plants.Western Blot. Membrane carrying an imprint of proteins separated by electrophoresis. Itcan be probed with a labelled antibody to detect a specific protein.Wide Cross. A cross between cultivated species and its wild relatives. The wild relativesmay be from primary, secondary or tertiary gene pools. If the wild relatives belong tosecondary or tertiary gene pools (that is, they are distantly related to the cultivatedones) making the gene transfer possible only through biotechnological interventions,255
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PrefacePlant Breeding has passed th
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occurrence of one stress more often
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awns, while together produce long a
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Albinism. A condition of absence or
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Allosomes. Accessory chromosomes th
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deficient in proteins of legumes. C
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wheat, the degree of tolerance to r
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regulation of the fruit-ripening ge
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slowly compared to sexually reprodu
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formed, and (b) the randomness of d
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[(W Aa -W aa )/(W Aa -W AA )+(W Aa
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Biochemical Genetics. A branch of g
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Biotechnology. A technology involvi
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an individual’s true genetic pote
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Bulbosum Technique (Kasha and Kao 1
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Canalised Character. A character wh
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Cell Cycle. The life cycle of the i
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proper environment is present; conv
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Chromomere. A small beadlike struct
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cis-trans Test. A test to determine
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Coarse Cereals. A group of cereals
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Complementation. The production of
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the like. Non-planted borders, vari
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Confounding. A technique of reducin
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the table value at (n -2) degree of
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heterozygotes have lower crossing-o
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However, such male sterile plants m
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recessive) govern their elongation
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Developmental Genetics. A branch of
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Dihaploid. Ahaploid(n=2x) of tetrap
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Disjunction. The separation of daug
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one of the homozygotes, the phenome
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termed primary dormancy. However, i
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facing in breeding for drought tole
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Early Generation Testing. Also call
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Egg Mother Cell. A megasporocyte th
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thermodynamics) states that every t
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Escape (Drought). A mechanism of ps
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through transmission from generatio
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FF 1 . The first generation of a cr
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Fecundity. The reproductive potenti
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genotype is unconditionally superio
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Frequency Independent Selection. Se
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Gametogenesis. The formation of fem
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(q2), that is, selection cost equal
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locus, if the fitness of a genotype
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Genetic Male Sterility. A type of m
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selection pressure results in at le
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breeding programme. Several genes o
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are located in the cytosol. The net
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Growth. The increase in mass of the
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then it takes one generation to equ
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Hermaphroditism. A condition concer
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Heterosis (Shull 1908). A phenomeno
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Holliday Junctions. The structures
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horizontal resistance. Owing to rac
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as productive as the F 1 itself. Th
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IJI-Line. Inbred line.I 1 , I 2 , I
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probability that the two alleles at
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Indeterminate. Descriptive of an in
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Integrated Plant Nutrition. A syste
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or selling a protected matter or pr
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Javanica Rice. An intermediate (bet
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turns of the cycle to metabolise th
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Law of Segregation. The first law o
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Line. A group of individuals/plants
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Lodging resistance may be directly
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makes mechanical emasculation unnec
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might save several hectares, and fe
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Mechanical Errors. Errors occurring
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Metacentric Chromosome. A chromosom
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frequency, if there is no differenc
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Modified Single Cross. The progeny
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Monophyletic Evolution. Evolution o
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called it synthetic horizontal resi
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barriers of several resistance to t
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Mutein. A protein with one or more
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evolutionary genetics into descent
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Non-Mendelian Ratio. An unusual rat
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Nucellus. A parenchymatous tissue t
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Nutritional Value. The value of a f
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always proceeds in the opposite dir
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Outbreeding. Mating between relativ
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an inversion heterozygote for cross
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Passive Resistance. The resistance
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Pedigree Breeding. A system of bree
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used to compensate for defects by c
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provide conditions to facilitate fl
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Pleiotropic Mutation. A mutation th
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pairing only between homologous chr
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Positive Control. Regulation mediat
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and the phrase rate of production h
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when either the host or the pathoge
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Punnett Square. A grid used as a gr
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phenotype. However, multiple alleli
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R Plasmid. A plasmid containing one
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generations, respectively. Which on
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Realised Heritability. The ratio of
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tester are propagated from the self
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Page 228 and 229: Speciation. The formation of a new
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Page 232 and 233: Staminate flower. A flower bearing
Page 234 and 235: Structural Gene. A gene encoding am
Page 236 and 237: evolutionary terms, it is possible
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Page 242 and 243: Tetrad. A group of four. It may be
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Page 246 and 247: Transcription. The synthesis of a R
Page 248 and 249: Transposon. A segment of genetic ma
Page 250 and 251: and ruggedness of rye. The hexaploi
Page 252 and 253: Two Stage Testing (Hanson and Brim
Page 254 and 255: Unineme Theory. A theory that state
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Page 258 and 259: reproduction or by mutation. If gen
Page 262 and 263: thecrossmaybereferredtoasdistant cr
Page 264 and 265: Zygote. A fertilized egg cell; a ce
Page 266 and 267: 17. Bruce AB. 1910. The Mendelian t
Page 268 and 269: 41. East EM. 1936. Genetic aspects
Page 270 and 271: 68. Hayman BI and Mather K. 1953. T
Page 272 and 273: 97. Peleman JD and Voort JRVD. 2003
Page 274 and 275: 124. Stadler LJ. 1944. Gamete selec
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