Glossary Plant Breeding

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Javanica Rice. An intermediate (between indica and japonica types) type of rice selectedfrom tropical varieties in Indonesia. This type is characteristically tall, thick culmed,low tillering, resistant to shattering, and have broad stiff leaves, long awns and largebold grains. Also called bulu rice, it is of recent origin.128
Karyogamy. The fusion of nuclei of male and female gametes. It is the ultimate event(culmination) of fertilization. The result of the karyogamy is the zygote.Karyokinesis. The division of nucleus; the nuclear division (mitosis).Karyolymph. The karyoplasm; nucleoplsm.Karyotype. The whole group of characteristics that allow identification of a particularchromosome set, for example, the number, relative size, position of centromere,length of the arms, secondary constrictions, satellite, and the like. It is characteristicof an individual, species, genera, or a larger group.Kilobase. 1000 nucleotide pairs.Kinetochore. A complex of proteins to which a nuclear spindle fibre attaches. Cellbiologists use the term more frequently instead of centromere, which is synonymousto kinetochore.Klinefelter Syndrome. An abnormal human male phenotype due to an extra Xchromosome (XXY).Knobs. The darkly stained heterochromatic regions present in normal maizechromosomes. These are repeated sequences of nucleotides. The number of knobsvaries from variety to variety, and from plant to plant. Some have reported that theirstandard number may be 23. They are not randomly distributed; rather they occupyfixed positions on different chromosomes. Most of the knobs are intercalary.Terminal knobs are rare. They have been used as markers to establish phylogeneticrelationship between maize and its wild relatives.Knockout. Inactivation of one specific gene; same as gene disruption.Krebs Cycle. A common pathway for degradation of “fuel” molecules such ascarbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Also called tricaboxylic acid cycle orcitric acid cycle, it takes place in mitochondrial matrix. The fuel molecules are actedupon metabolically (in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis) to produceacetyl groups, which are taken into the Krebs cycle by acetyl coenzyme. It takes two129
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PrefacePlant Breeding has passed th
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occurrence of one stress more often
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awns, while together produce long a
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Albinism. A condition of absence or
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Allosomes. Accessory chromosomes th
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deficient in proteins of legumes. C
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wheat, the degree of tolerance to r
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regulation of the fruit-ripening ge
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slowly compared to sexually reprodu
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formed, and (b) the randomness of d
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[(W Aa -W aa )/(W Aa -W AA )+(W Aa
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Biochemical Genetics. A branch of g
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Biotechnology. A technology involvi
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an individual’s true genetic pote
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Bulbosum Technique (Kasha and Kao 1
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Canalised Character. A character wh
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Cell Cycle. The life cycle of the i
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proper environment is present; conv
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Chromomere. A small beadlike struct
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cis-trans Test. A test to determine
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Coarse Cereals. A group of cereals
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Complementation. The production of
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the like. Non-planted borders, vari
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Confounding. A technique of reducin
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the table value at (n -2) degree of
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heterozygotes have lower crossing-o
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However, such male sterile plants m
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recessive) govern their elongation
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Developmental Genetics. A branch of
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Dihaploid. Ahaploid(n=2x) of tetrap
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Disjunction. The separation of daug
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one of the homozygotes, the phenome
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termed primary dormancy. However, i
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facing in breeding for drought tole
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Early Generation Testing. Also call
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Egg Mother Cell. A megasporocyte th
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thermodynamics) states that every t
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Page 94 and 95: Frequency Independent Selection. Se
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Page 114 and 115: Hermaphroditism. A condition concer
Page 116 and 117: Heterosis (Shull 1908). A phenomeno
Page 118 and 119: Holliday Junctions. The structures
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Page 124 and 125: IJI-Line. Inbred line.I 1 , I 2 , I
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Page 128 and 129: Indeterminate. Descriptive of an in
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Page 138 and 139: Law of Segregation. The first law o
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Page 146 and 147: might save several hectares, and fe
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Page 152 and 153: frequency, if there is no differenc
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Page 162 and 163: Mutein. A protein with one or more
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Page 178 and 179: Passive Resistance. The resistance
Page 180 and 181: Pedigree Breeding. A system of bree
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provide conditions to facilitate fl
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Pleiotropic Mutation. A mutation th
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pairing only between homologous chr
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Positive Control. Regulation mediat
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and the phrase rate of production h
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when either the host or the pathoge
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Punnett Square. A grid used as a gr
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192
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phenotype. However, multiple alleli
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R Plasmid. A plasmid containing one
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generations, respectively. Which on
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Realised Heritability. The ratio of
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tester are propagated from the self
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Renaturation. The return to the nat
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Resistance Mosaics. A strategy of r
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deals with and changes in the DNA u
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S. Svedberg unit; a unit of sedimen
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Second Site Mutation. The second mu
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Selection Pressure. The intensity o
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or - (in case of physiological diff
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Sibs. Progeny of the same parents d
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Sister Chromatid Exchange. An event
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Speciation. The formation of a new
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Spontaneous Mutation. A mutation oc
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Staminate flower. A flower bearing
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Structural Gene. A gene encoding am
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evolutionary terms, it is possible
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Tagging. TheuseofapieceofforeignDNA
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Terminator Technology. A technology
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Tetrad. A group of four. It may be
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antibiosis in its mechanism. The la
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Transcription. The synthesis of a R
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Transposon. A segment of genetic ma
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and ruggedness of rye. The hexaploi
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Two Stage Testing (Hanson and Brim
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Unineme Theory. A theory that state
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genetic and environmental (non-gene
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reproduction or by mutation. If gen
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Vitality Mutation. Any mutation the
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thecrossmaybereferredtoasdistant cr
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Zygote. A fertilized egg cell; a ce
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17. Bruce AB. 1910. The Mendelian t
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41. East EM. 1936. Genetic aspects
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68. Hayman BI and Mather K. 1953. T
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97. Peleman JD and Voort JRVD. 2003
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124. Stadler LJ. 1944. Gamete selec
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