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216 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT NOTES Under the title Astronavti'eskie issledovaniya Britanskogo mezhplanetnogo obshchestva v 1937-1938, this paper appeared on pages 145-53 of Iz istorii astronavtiki i raketnoi tekhniki: Materialy XVIII mezhdunarodnogo astronavticheskogo kongressa, Belgrad, 25-29 Sentyavrya 1967 [From the History of Rockets and Astronautics: Materials of the 18th International Astronautical Congress, Belgrade, 25-29 September 1967], Moscow: Nauka, 1970. LP. E. Cleator, "Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1934), pp. 2-4.—Ed. 2. Cleator, "Editorial," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 1, no. 2 (April 1934), pp. 13-15.—Ed. 3. A Review by E. F. Russell of Rockets Through Space, by P. E. Cleator (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1936) appeared in "For the Astronautical Library," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 4, no. 1 (no. IX, February 1937), pp. 11-12.—Ed. 4. J. H. Edwards, "A London Section?" Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 3. no. 2 (no. VIII, June 1936), p. 32; and "The London Branch of the Society, Proceedings," ibid., vol. 4, no. 1 (no. IX, February 1937), pp. 18, ff.—Ed. 5. Edward J. Carnell, "Editorial," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 4, no. 2 (no. X, December 1937), p. 3; and same issue, p. 3, A. M. Low, "Pioneering" (President's Message), and pp. 5-8, R. A. Smith, "Policy of The British Interplanetary Society."—Ed. 6. "Technicalities" (Being the Report of the Technical Committee up to October 1937. Compiled by R. A. Smith, A. Janser, H. E. Ross, H. Bramhill, and A. C. Clarke, under the direction of J. H. Edwards), Journal of the British Inter planetary Society, vol. 4, no. 2 (no. X, December 1937), pp. 8-15.—Ed. 7. J. Happian Edwards, "The British Interplanetary Society Technical Report," The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (no. XI, January 1939), pp. 17-23.—Ed. 8. See note 6. 9. Arthur Janser, "A Contribution to the Fuel Problem," The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 4, no. 2 (no. X, December 1937), pp. 18-20; and A. Janser, "Fuels and Motors," ibid., vol. 5, no. 1 (no. XI, January 1939), pp. 23-25.—Ed. 10. See note 6 above, and J. H. Edwards, "Report of the Technical Committee," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 2 (no. XII, July 1939), pp. 17-21.—Ed. 11. See note 10. 12. R. A. Smith, "The British Interplanetary Society Coelostat," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 2 (no. XII, July 1939), pp. 22-27.—Ed. 13. H. E. Ross, "The British Interplanetary Society Spaceship," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (no. XI, January 1939), cover and pp. 4-9.—Ed. 14. See note 13. 15. H. E. Ross, "The Pre-War Contribution of the British Interplanetary Society," Spaceflight, vol. 3, no. 5 (September 1961), pp. 164-168.—Ed. 16. J. H. Edwards and H. E. Ross, "The Firing Control of the British Interplanetary Society Lunar Spaceship," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 2 (no. XII, July 1939), cover and pp. 4-12.—Ed. 17. Maurice K. Hanson, "The Payload of the Lunar Trip," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (no. XI, January 1939), pp. 10-16.—Ed. 18. See note 10. 19. See note 15.
21 The Development of Regeneratively Cooled Liquid Rocket Engines in Austria and Germany, 1926-42 IRENE SANGER-BREDT AND ROLF ENGEL, German Federal Republic Introduction With the ultimate goal of conquering the vastness of space outside the earth's atmosphere, the technical development of a suitable propulsion system, the liquid-propellant rocket engine, began during the mid-twenties of this century at two different places within the boundaries of the German speaking countries. Both developments were carried out independently of each other and almost simultaneously, but with slightly different technical objectives. In northern Germany, in Reinickendorf on the outskirts of Berlin, a group of young enthusiasts from the "Verein fiir Raumschiffahrt" (Society for Space Travel) under the direction of Rudolf Nebel and Klaus Riedel tried to implement man's first step into space by developing a wingless liquidpropellant rocket based on the Oberth concept and designed to take off vertically. Among others in this group were Wernher von Braun, Rolf Engel, and Willy Ley. In Austria, Eugen Sanger, a young civil engineering candidate at the Technical University in Vienna, tried to pursue the same goal by developing a manned spacecraft with liquid propulsion. During most of his experimental work on propulsion systems, carried out in a shed of the old "Bauhof" building on Dreihufengasse, he was assisted only by two other students, the brothers Friedrich and Stefan Sztatecsny. Both groups had been encouraged in their efforts by the publications of Hermann Oberth, especially by his book Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space), brought out in 1923 by the publishing firm of Oldenbourg 217 in Munich. The work of the German group received additional stimulation by direct co-operation with Hermann Oberth during the years 1929 and 1930. Members of both groups also indicated, however, that Kurd Lasswitz' science-fiction novel Auf zwei Planeten (On Two Planets) published in 1897, had been the very first stimulus to setting their technical goals. Both groups also had in common that they worked on their own, without public funds, financed only by small donations from a few industrialists and private associations, and that sometimes their efforts were barely tolerated or even met with opposition from their contemporaries. It is well known that some of them who were less well off, and their families, went hungry in order to be able to go on with their work; and they even had to pay for the printing of their publications that later were to attract world fame. Also, with the exception of one person, none of them ever got a penny in license fees for the patents which opened a new era for mankind and are still being used by the major aerospace companies all over the world. Rudolf Nebel was the one exception: upon disbandment of the Rakentenflugplatz Berlin (Rocket Field Berlin) in 1934, he received 75,000 reichsmarks from the Third Reich as a one-time indemnification. As to their technical approach, both groups chose as energy source for their propulsion system the combustion heat of various hydrocarbons in oxygen. The two propellants were fed separately, either by compressed gas or pumps, into the injection system of the combustion chamber formed by metal walls leading, in most cases, into a Laval-type nozzle. While the work of the German group clearly aimed at launch and ballistic flight tests, Sanger in
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24 Some New Data on Early Work of t
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