FIRST STEPS TOWARD SPACE - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

246 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 26. [Rocket Flight Technique] (Munich and Berlin: R. Oldenbourg, 1933). 27. Op. cit. (note 13), p. 28. 28. <strong>Smithsonian</strong> Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 71, no. 2, 1919. 29. <strong>Smithsonian</strong> Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 95, no. 3, 1936. REFERENCES In addition to those sources cited in the footnotes, the following were used in the preparation of this paper. 1. A. Ananoff, Des premieres fusees a la V2, 14 problemes. Paris: Edition Elzevier, 1947. 2. A. Ananoff, L'Astronautique. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard,1950. 3. P. von Dresser, "The Rocket Motor - a Survey of Known Types," Astronautics, no. 33 (March 1936), p. 8. 4. R. Engel, CERVA-Report No. 6, 1954. 5. I. Essers, Max Valier - ein Vorkampfer der Weltraumfahrt. Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1968. 6. H. Gartmann, Weltraum-ABC. Dusseldorf: ECON- Verlag, 1958. 7. H. Gartmann, Traumer - Forscher - Konstrukteure. Diisseldorf: ECON-Verlag, 1955. 8. C. P. Lent, Rocket Research - History and Handbook. New York: The Pen-Ink Publishing Co., 1945. 9. W. Ley, Grundriss einer Geschichte der Rakete. Lcipsig: Hachmeister & Thai, 1932. 10. Die Rakete, Offizielles Organ des Vereins fiir Raumschifffahrt e.V., 2, 1928. 11. W. H. J. Ridel, "Ein Kapitel Raketengeschichte der neueren Zeit," Weltraumfahrt, no. 3, July 1953. 12. E. Sanger, "Neuere Ergebnisse der Raketenflugtechnik," Flug, special issue 1, Wien: Verlag Flug, 1934. 13. E. Sanger, "Der Verbrennungsraketenmotor," Schweizer liauzeitung vol. 107, no. 2, 11 January 1936. 14. E. Sanger and I. Bredt, "Uber einen Raketenantrieb fiir Fernbomber" [A Rocket Motor for Long-Range Bomber], Deutsche Luftfahrtforschung UM 3538, Ainring, August 1944. (Translated into English by M. Hamermesh, Radio Research Laboratory, and reproduced by Technical Information Branch, BuAer, United States Navy Department, as Translation CGD-32. A condensed version of this translation was published by Mr. Robert Cornog, 990 Cheltenham Road, Santa Barbara, California, on 16 November 1952).—Ed. 15. I. Sanger-Bredt, Entwicklungsgesetze der Raumfahrt. Mainz: Krausskopf-Flugwelt-Verlag, 1964. 16. I. Sanger-Bredt und K. Reiniger, Requiem fiir Eugen Sanger Herausgeber L. Bolkow (to be published).
22 Development of Winged Rockets in the USSR, 1930-39 The work of the winged-rocket team of the Group for Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD) and of the Jet Propulsion Research Institute (RNII) was performed under the guidance of the author of this paper during the period 1933-37. Naturally, this work covered a range of problems allied to those carried out by other teams of workers, employed at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL), GIRD, and RNII, who designed and investigated solid-propellant winged rockets, liquid-propellant rocket engines, aircraft boosters, etc. Moreover, when it was necessary, the efforts of different teams and groups were temporarily combined. Thus, it would be wrong to dwell on the history of the work done by only one team engaged in research on liquid-propellant winged rockets without mentioning the work of all other groups of workers engaged in allied fields. It would also be wrong to overlook the conditions prevailing in our country, and even in the world, which prompted our work, for in that case the general picture would be incomplete and lacking in breadth. When discussing the origin of ideas on the use of jet engines on winged vehicles, one must first speak of F. A. Tsander. It was he who suggested the use of wings on rocket vehicles. His "Flights to Other Planets" was completed in 1924 and was published in the magazine "Technology and Life" appearing that same year. 1 A similar suggestion can be also found in the work of K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, published in 1926, "Investigation of Outer Space by Means of Reactive Devices," in which he mentioned the use of hydrodynamic lift force to reduce the required liquid-propellant-engine thrust (inclined trajectory flight). 2 Influenced by these ideas, a special winged-rocket team (the fourth team) was formed in GIRD in 1932, under S. P. Korolyev. YE. S. SHCHETINKOV, Soviet Union 247 There were, however, other circumstances which urged us to study winged rockets. The 1930s in a certain sense were critical in the development of aviation. A piston engine with a propeller was the main and only type. The absolute world speed records established during the aircraft races for the Schneider-Creuzot prize were close to 700 km/hr. The rise in the speed of aircraft registered every year, if shown diagramatically, would produce a curve asymptotically approaching the limit of 700- 800 km/hr. Much more favorable prospects could be seen for liquid-propellant rocket engines, whose weight increased in proportion to the second, not the third, power of the speed, as was the case with a piston engine. From this point of view better characteristics were to be obtained for ramjet engines, their theory having been worked out by B. S. Stechkin. 3 And I remember very well lively discussions among the members of our team caused by G. A. Crocco's article about the flight performances of ramjet aircraft. 4 Mathematical calculations of the flight performances of the liquid-propellant rocket engines demonstrated that flight speed "limits" posed by the piston engine could be readily overcome. Flight altitude limits could be overcome as well. It seemed feasible to build a liquid-propellant rocket aircraft which could be used to improve considerably world speed and altitude records. Such aircraft, used as an interceptor, would also be of interest from the military viewpoint. Moreover, winged flight vehicles with liquid-propellant rocket engines or ramjet engines could be considered as the first step toward spaceships. F. A. Tsander also drew attention to this prospect. Such was the sequence of arguments of the engineers and enthusiasts in
Page 1:
I L SfS HK5M SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF
Page 4 and 5:
A Bibliographic Note The series Smi
Page 6 and 7:
SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Throug
Page 8 and 9:
VI SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 19.
Page 11 and 12:
1 Some Jet Propulsion Formulas of O
Page 13:
NUMBER 10 — — —— . . . -
Page 16 and 17:
SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT FIGURE
Page 18 and 19:
During these years, in which the fu
Page 20 and 21:
10 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT the
Page 22 and 23:
12 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT FIG
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
18 3. French Patent 318,667, 13 Feb
Page 30 and 31:
20 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT tie
Page 33 and 34:
Appendix Considerations Concerning
Page 35 and 36:
NUMBER 10 In the present case, ther
Page 37 and 38:
NUMBER 10 27 III Let us consider wh
Page 39 and 40:
NUMBER 10 29 = 2100 sec, the rate w
Page 41:
NUMBER 10 31 bring us far away from
Page 44 and 45:
34 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT pro
Page 46 and 47:
36 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT C \
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
40 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 0 1
Page 52 and 53:
42 Figure 15. The dispersion of the
Page 54 and 55:
44 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT sys
Page 56 and 57:
46 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT com
Page 58 and 59:
48 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT T,
Page 60 and 61:
50 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT pla
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 67 and 68:
Robert H. Goddard and the Smithsoni
Page 69 and 70:
NUMBER 10 to help Mr. Goddard in de
Page 71 and 72:
NUMBER 10 61 flash powder which mig
Page 73 and 74:
NUMBER 10 63 FIGURE 5.—Modificati
Page 75 and 76:
NUMBER 10 65
Page 77 and 78:
NUMBER 10 tion for a U.S. patent on
Page 79:
NUMBER 10 69 70. Goddard to Abbot,
Page 82 and 83:
72 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT lif
Page 85 and 86:
Recollections of Early Biomedical M
Page 87 and 88:
NUMBER 10 r FIGURE 2.—First biome
Page 89 and 90:
FIGURE 4.—Presentation by Dr. Con
Page 91 and 92:
Astrodynamics is defined in terms o
Page 93 and 94:
NUMBER 10 83 But it should be recog
Page 95 and 96:
NUMBER 10 85 were experimenting in
Page 97 and 98:
Vladimir Mandl: Founding Writer on
Page 99 and 100:
NUMBER 10 89 PATENTNl OftAD REPUBLI
Page 101 and 102:
10 Developments in Rocket Engineeri
Page 103 and 104:
NUMBER 10 93 FIGURE 2.—The first
Page 105 and 106:
NUMBER 10 FIGURE 4.—The ORM-9 eng
Page 107 and 108:
NUMBER 10 97 FIGURE 9.—ORM-50 eng
Page 109 and 110:
NUMBER 10 99 Section along AA Firin
Page 111 and 112:
NUMBER 10 101 FIGURE 13.—The expe
Page 113 and 114:
11 A Historical Review of Developme
Page 115 and 116:
NUMBER 10 105 FIGURE 5.—Lithergol
Page 117 and 118:
NUMBER 10 that the possibility of a
Page 119 and 120:
NUMBER 10 109 the contrary; we then
Page 121 and 122:
NUMBER 10 111 rocket combustion cha
Page 123 and 124:
12 On the GALCIT Rocket Research Pr
Page 125 and 126:
NUMBER 10 115 The undertaking we ha
Page 127 and 128:
NUMBER 10 117 advise on the support
Page 129 and 130:
NUMBER 10 methyl-alcohol rocket mot
Page 131 and 132:
NUMBER 10 121 5. "Rocket Performanc
Page 133 and 134:
NUMBER 10 123 FIGURE 5.—Overall v
Page 135 and 136:
NUMBER 10 on the possibility of usi
Page 137:
NUMBER 10 33. Letters (note 14). 34
Page 140 and 141:
130 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT ce
Page 142 and 143:
132 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT of
Page 144 and 145:
134 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT A
Page 146 and 147:
136 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Re
Page 148 and 149:
138 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT FI
Page 150 and 151:
140 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT ca
Page 152 and 153:
142 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT so
Page 154 and 155:
144 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 2
Page 156 and 157:
146 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT St
Page 158 and 159:
148 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT A-
Page 160 and 161:
150 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT CH
Page 162 and 163:
152 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT LI
Page 164 and 165:
154 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT FI
Page 167 and 168:
15 Ludvik OcenaSek: Czech Rocket Ex
Page 169 and 170:
NUMBER 10 159 FIGURE 2.—Ludvik Oc
Page 171 and 172:
NUMBER 10 161 FIGURE 5.—Ludvik Oc
Page 173 and 174:
NUMBER 10 163 FICURE 6.—a, Launch
Page 175:
NUMBER 10 165 quarry near Prague. E
Page 178 and 179:
168 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT re
Page 180 and 181:
170 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT I
Page 182 and 183:
172 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Th
Page 184 and 185:
174 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Ve
Page 187 and 188:
17 First Rocket and Aircraft Flight
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 10 179 The rocket project wa
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 10 181 FIGURE 2.—Second st
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 10 FIGURE 3.—DM-2 ramjet e
Page 195 and 196:
18 On Some Work Done in Rocket Tech
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 10 187 FICURE 3.—Launching
Page 199 and 200:
NUMBER 10 189 on the smoked tape. A
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 10 191 FIGURE 9.—Indicatin
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 10 193 FIGURE 13.—Control
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 10 195 2000 rpm by rotating
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 10 197 Lubricant ^ 9a' " FIG
Page 209 and 210: NUMBER 10 199 of radio signals to t
Page 211: NUMBER 10 201 1. Register of experi
Page 214 and 215: 204 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT te
Page 216 and 217: 206 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT be
Page 218 and 219: 208 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 6.
Page 220 and 221: 210 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT FI
Page 222 and 223: 212 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 3-
Page 224 and 225: A^ -/••••••.\ D+ VE •
Page 226 and 227: 216 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT NO
Page 228 and 229: 218 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Vi
Page 230 and 231: 220 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT 19
Page 232 and 233: 222 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Co
Page 234 and 235: 224 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Al
Page 236 and 237: 226 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT de
Page 238 and 239: 228 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Th
Page 240 and 241: 230 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT wi
Page 242 and 243: 232 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT th
Page 244 and 245: 234 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT wa
Page 246 and 247: 236 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT In
Page 248 and 249: 238 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT ab
Page 250 and 251: 240 diesel fuel and lox began on th
Page 252 and 253: 242 14 May 1940: Reviewed layout fo
Page 258 and 259: 248 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT th
Page 260: 250 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT tl
Page 263 and 264: NUMBER 10 253 FIGURE 6.—a, Model
Page 265 and 266: NUMBER 10 255 FIGURE 9.—Winged ro
Page 267: NUMBER 10 257 6. Small gyroscopic a
Page 272 and 273: 262 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT N?
Page 274 and 275: 264 B C FIGURE 7.—Drawing from Sw
Page 276 and 277: 266 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT in
Page 279 and 280: 24 Some New Data on Early Work of t
Page 281 and 282: NUMBER 10 271 jy.. FIGURE 3. /# £
Page 283 and 284: NUMBER 10 273 conclusions, which we
Page 285 and 286: NUMBER 10 275 thrust engines. A for
Page 287 and 288: 25 Early Developments in Rocket and
Page 289 and 290: NUMBER 10 279 Time reference 5 sec
Page 291 and 292: NUMBER 10 281 During measurement of
Page 293 and 294: NUMBER 10 283 First Personal Involv
Page 295: NUMBER 10 285 on the Wasserkuppe, o
Page 298 and 299: 288 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Ch
Page 305 and 306: 27 Annapolis Rocket Motor Developme
Page 307 and 308:
NUMBER 10 297 I remember being so f
Page 309 and 310:
NUMBER S P. (P»i) P, (psi) Po (psi
Page 311:
NUMBER 10 301 Figure 6 shows these
Page 314 and 315:
304 Frank-Kamenetskiy, D.A., 193 Fr
Page 316 and 317:
306 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT Ro
Page 319:
TUT10N NOIifUIISNt NVINOSHlitNS S3f
show all

FIRST STEPS TOWARD SPACE - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?