Inorganic Microporous Membranes for Gas Separation in Fossil Fuel ...

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4 Results and discussion ~50nm TiO2 γ-Al2O3 ~50nm Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 ~25nm ZrO2 γ-Al2O3 γ-Al2O3 Figure 66 SEM cross section images of A) TiO2, B) Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 and C) ZrO2 calcined at 600ºC The surfaces of the DEA-layers were studied with XRD to identify the crystalline phase of the membrane layer. However, only the crystalline support material could be observed. Focussed Raman spectroscopy studies observed crystalline phase and are compared with the electron diffraction patterns obtained by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Figure 67-A present the HR-TEM image of the 25 nm TiO2 layer calcined at 500ºC. Rough estimation of the particle size diameter would be 5-10 nm. The particle sizes observed with TEM does not seem to change significantly from the particle size in the 99 A B C
4 Results and discussion sol. The average crystal size is 15 nm obtained from the XRD analysis on powders which is more than half of the final membrane layer thickness. Similar particle size range has been found for commercial TiO2 membranes. Defect free 25 nm thin TiO2 layers based on the stacking of 2-5 particles is expected to be difficult. γ-Al2O3 Tungsten A B γ-Al2O3 Figure 67 A) TEM image of a TiO2 membrane calcined at 500ºC supported by γ-Al2O3. B) ordered atomic structure is observed presenting anatase TiO2 Figure 67-B shows a higher magnification to show the atomic ordering presenting anatase TiO2. No rutile TiO2 was observed as in agreement with XRD analysis on bulk membrane material. Focussed Raman spectroscopy was applied on the TiO2 and ZrO2 membranes obtaining mainly bands assigned to the supporting alumina (Table 28 and Figure 68). Raman on the TiO2 membrane confirms the presence of anatase TiO2 by the bands at (520, 148 cm -1 ). Rutile TiO2 can not be excluded due to a very weak band at 450 and 453 cm -1 , respectively 514 and 632 nm laser excitation. 100 TiO2
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Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Inst
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List of Abbreviations Ac Acetyl Ace
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Summary CO2 capture and storage mig
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Zusammenfassung Die Abtrennung und
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Content Content CONTENT............
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1 Introduction and aims 1 Introduct
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1 Introduction and aims Candidate m
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2 Theoretical background 2 Theoreti
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2 Theoretical background Despite th
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2 Theoretical background Table 2 Ox
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2 Theoretical background 2.1.2 Micr
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2 Theoretical background Poly-cryst
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2 Theoretical background membranes
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2 Theoretical background Dry or wet
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2 Theoretical background the materi
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2 Theoretical background Figure 9 D
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2 Theoretical background Figure 11
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2 Theoretical background due to its
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2 Theoretical background 2.3.3.2 Mi
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2 Theoretical background 2.4 Microp
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2 Theoretical background Figure 15
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2 Theoretical background wall inter
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3 Experimental 3 Experimental The m
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3 Experimental vacuum sample holder
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3 Experimental o of as-made DOH cry
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3 Experimental Another solution was
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3 Experimental 3.4 Characterisation
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3 Experimental Element analysis The
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Page 62 and 63: 4 Results and discussion Abundance
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Page 66 and 67: 4 Results and discussion Table 14 D
Page 68 and 69: 4 Results and discussion hours usin
Page 70 and 71: 4 Results and discussion Intensity
Page 72 and 73: 4 Results and discussion The carbon
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Page 92 and 93: 4 Results and discussion DTA µV/mg
Page 94 and 95: 4 Results and discussion Vads / cm
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Page 100 and 101: 4 Results and discussion V micro /V
Page 102 and 103: 4 Results and discussion In pure Ti
Page 104 and 105: 4 Results and discussion In summary
Page 106 and 107: 4 Results and discussion Intensity
Page 108 and 109: 4 Results and discussion nanonic YS
Page 112 and 113: 4 Results and discussion Raman Inte
Page 114 and 115: 4 Results and discussion Tungsten 5
Page 116 and 117: 4 Results and discussion Mol% Carbo
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Page 124 and 125: 5 Conclusions and recommendations m
Page 126 and 127: 6 References 22. Shao, Z., Dong, H.
Page 128 and 129: 6 References 65. Van den Berg, A. W
Page 130 and 131: 6 References 108. Wen, T. L., Heber
Page 132 and 133: Curriculum Vitae - George van der D
Page 134: Last but not least, I would like to
Page 137: Band | Volume 8 ISBN 978-3-89336-52
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