Inorganic Microporous Membranes for Gas Separation in Fossil Fuel ...

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1 Introduction and aims 1 Introduction and aims 1.1 Global warming and CO2 emissions Studies of Antarctica’s ice cores have concluded that the global temperature and concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere are coupled over the last 650.000 years. This indicates that the global temperature is influenced by the concentration of CO2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increased from approximately 280 ppm in the pre industrial era to an average of 381 ppm in 2006: a 36% increase. This concentration has not been exceeded in the last 420,000 years. 1 The concentration of CO2, which is measured at Mauna Loa (Hawaii), is increasing approximately 1% per year. Simulation models predict a concentration of CO2 of 600 ppm by the year 2050. This concentration of CO2 increase is believed to be based on the supply of primary energy dominated by fossil fuels. Stabilising the CO2 concentration between 450-750 ppm requires persistent actions in order to reduce the emissions of CO2 such as conservation and energy efficiency, coal to gas substitution, renewable energy, nuclear energy and CO2 capture and storage as indicated in the Figure 1 published by IPCC. Clearly, CO2 capture and storage might play a dominant role in stabilising the global concentration of CO2. Emissions of CO2 originate from a number of different sources. It is believed that the human activity forms a major part of these emissions of CO2. The human activity contribution consists mainly of combustion of fossil fuels used in power plants to generate energy, transportation, combustion of biomass, and residential and commercial buildings. Significant CO2 emissions are also found in industrial processes, for instance for the production of cement, iron, steel and hydrogen. The total CO2 emission originating from the use of fossil fuel is estimated at 25-28 GtCO2/y in the year 2000 (maximal 84 GtCO2/y in 2050), of which more than 60% can be attributed to large scale stationary emission sources. Power plants are primary candidates for CO2 capture and storage due to their great potential: up to 45% emission reduction of CO2 can be achieved in this sector alone in the year 2050. In addition, many of the coal based power plants in Germany and elsewhere are depreciated and need to be renewed in the coming decades. 3
1 Introduction and aims Year Figure 1 Mitigation potentials as part of the CO2 emissions based on MiniCAM model. This is one of many models and is based on single scenarios and does not convey the full scale uncertainties. 1 1.2 Power plant and gas separation concepts The reduction and capture of the CO2 emissions poses great technical and economical problems, especially for the so-called ‘end of pipe’ solutions. Among the biggest challenges, and the general aim of this thesis, is the need to concentrate and purify the CO2 present in the existing exhaust gasses. It is favourable to concentrate CO2 at high pressures on the production side to reduce transportation and storage costs. The vast majority of large scale emission sources such as power plants, generate diluted CO2 flues, typically less than 15% (main components are H2O and N2). High concentration of CO2, namely more than 90%, is required in order to be cost effective and to be able to liquefy gaseous CO2. Up to now, there are no large (>500MW) power plants equipped with methods to capture CO2. CO2 capture can be performed by scrubbing the flue gas with an organic solvent. Membranes are good candidates for CO2 capture due to their relatively low energy consumption. 2 Several CO2 capture concepts for fossil power plants are discussed for future power supply. 1-4 1. Postcombustion capture In postcombustion capture, CO2 is captured after the combustion process, conventionally through the use of chemical solvents (e.g. amine scrubbing). This existing technology operates at relatively low temperatures (~100ºC) and low exhaust gas CO2 concentration (
Page 1 and 2: Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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4 Results and discussion 4.2 Zeolit
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4 Results and discussion hours usin
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4 Results and discussion Intensity
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4 Results and discussion The carbon
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4 Results and discussion DOH crysta
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4 Results and discussion 900 [ºC]
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4 Results and discussion without a
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4 Results and discussion 4.3.1.1 Ke
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4 Results and discussion Solid Cont
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4 Results and discussion difference
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4 Results and discussion The averag
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4 Results and discussion DTA µV/mg
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4 Results and discussion Vads / cm
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4 Results and discussion The increa
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4 Results and discussion V micro /V
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4 Results and discussion In pure Ti
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4 Results and discussion In summary
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4 Results and discussion Intensity
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4 Results and discussion nanonic YS
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4 Results and discussion ~50nm TiO2
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4 Results and discussion Raman Inte
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4 Results and discussion Tungsten 5
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4 Results and discussion Mol% Carbo
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4 Results and discussion Permeance
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4 Results and discussion He Permean
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5 Conclusions and recommendations m
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5 Conclusions and recommendations m
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6 References 22. Shao, Z., Dong, H.
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6 References 65. Van den Berg, A. W
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6 References 108. Wen, T. L., Heber
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Curriculum Vitae - George van der D
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Last but not least, I would like to
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Band | Volume 8 ISBN 978-3-89336-52
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