Inorganic Microporous Membranes for Gas Separation in Fossil Fuel ...

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4 Results and discussion 20 30 40 50 60 2Theta [º] Figure 54 XRD diffraction patterns of dried ZrO2 sols calcined at 140, 400, 500, 600ºC. The crystal size determined with the Scherer equation is presented in the inlay. 4.3.2.4 Amine approach - Binary oxides Ti1-xZrxO2 The TiO2 addition into the ZrO2 was conducted in the first stage of the powder formation by mixing the alkoxides so it can be assumed that, after the sol-gel formation, a homogeneously distributed TiO2 in the ZrO2 network. Transmission Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive using X-ray analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma measurements 116 were performed and found similar metal oxide ratios as starting mixtures supporting this assumption. Type I N2-sorption isotherms are observed for the Zr-rich binary oxides calcined at 500ºC (Figure 55). The specific surface area increases and the pore size decrease with increasing the mol% TiO2 in ZrO2 (0 and 25% in Table 25 and Figure 56-A). Doping TiO2 with 10 and 25 mol% ZrO2 calcined at 500ºC resulted in combination of type I and IV isotherms. The relative microporous adsorbed volume Vmicro/Vtotal increases and pore size decreases with increasing ZrO2 content (Figure 56-B). All the binary oxides contain significant relative microporous absorbed volume at 500ºC. This was expected from the linear polymeric sols. The N2-sorption isotherm of Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 sample calcined at 400ºC is comparable to what has been reported in literature of Ti0.66Zr0.34O2 80 and Ti0.8Zr0.2O2. 83 The highest specific surface area, the highest relative microporous absorbed volume and the smallest estimated pore size in this study is obtained for Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 calcined at 500ºC (Table 25 and Figure 56). XRD 87 600ºC 500ºC 400ºC Crystal size [nm] 140ºC 25 20 15 10 5 0 400 500 T [ºC] 600
4 Results and discussion amorphous 50 mol % TiO2 in ZrO2 calcined at 500ºC prepared by the ketone approach contained significantly less specific surface area, results not shown. Table 25 Microstructure properties of calcined binary oxide TiO2-ZrO2 DEA sols Calcination temperature mol% Ti Crystal size nm SBET m 2 /g Vtotal cm 3 /g Vmicro cm 3 /g SF nm BJH nm 400ºC 0 6.1 74 0.034 0.019 1.5 - 25 Amorphous 180 0.086 0.052 - - 50 Amorphous 124 0.080 0.055 - - 100 11.3 216 0.24 0.06 - 3.8 500ºC 0 8.3 77 0.054 0.019 2.2 - 25 Amorphous 166 0.086 0.044 1.2 - 50 Amorphous 190 0.109 0.057 1.0 - 75 Amorphous 121 0.158 0.037 3.8 100 15.1 90 0.18 0.03 6.1 600ºC 0 19 6 0.011 0.001 4.0 25 18.6 - - - - 50 20.1 44 0.037 0.01 3.5 90 19.2 - - - - - 100 22.1 36 0.09 0.01 8.0 Vads / cm 3 g -1 100 80 60 40 20 50 mol % 500ºC 0, 25, 50 mol% TiO2 25 mol % 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 p/p0 0 Figure 55 N2 isotherms Zr-rich binary oxides calcined at 500ºC. 0 mol% TiO2 in ZrO2(□), 25 mol% TiO2 in ZrO2 (○) 50 mol% TiO2 in ZrO2 (◊).Open symbols present the adsorption and closed symbols the desorption points. 88 0 mol % TiO2
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Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Inst
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Summary CO2 capture and storage mig
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Zusammenfassung Die Abtrennung und
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Content Content CONTENT............
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1 Introduction and aims 1 Introduct
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1 Introduction and aims Candidate m
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2 Theoretical background 2 Theoreti
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2 Theoretical background Table 2 Ox
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2 Theoretical background 2.1.2 Micr
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2 Theoretical background Poly-cryst
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2 Theoretical background membranes
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2 Theoretical background Dry or wet
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2 Theoretical background due to its
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2 Theoretical background 2.3.3.2 Mi
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2 Theoretical background 2.4 Microp
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2 Theoretical background Figure 15
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2 Theoretical background wall inter
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Page 56 and 57: 3 Experimental 3.4 Characterisation
Page 58 and 59: 3 Experimental Element analysis The
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Page 62 and 63: 4 Results and discussion Abundance
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Page 94 and 95: 4 Results and discussion Vads / cm
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Page 102 and 103: 4 Results and discussion In pure Ti
Page 104 and 105: 4 Results and discussion In summary
Page 106 and 107: 4 Results and discussion Intensity
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Page 126 and 127: 6 References 22. Shao, Z., Dong, H.
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Page 130 and 131: 6 References 108. Wen, T. L., Heber
Page 132 and 133: Curriculum Vitae - George van der D
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