Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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80 Tobacco Rattle Virus 93 Nematodes 82 Potato Yellow Dwarf Virus 94 Potato Cyst Nematodes 82 Alfalfa Mosaic Virus 97 Root-Knot Nematodes 84 Potato Aucuba Mosaic Virus 98 False Root-Knot Nematodes 84 Tobacco Ringspot Virus 99 Lesion Nematodes 85 Tomato Black Ring Virus 100 Potato Rot Nematodes 86 Potato Yellow Vein Virus 101 Stubby-Root Nematodes 86 Tobacco Necrosis Virus 101 Nematicides 87 Deforming Mosaic 101 Aphids 87 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus 103 Seed Potato Certification 89 Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid 90 Sugar Beet Curly Top Virus 91 Mycoplasmas 107 Key to Disease 92 Aster Yellows and Stolbur 111 Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases 92 Witches' Broom Color Plates (following page 54) 93 Insect Toxins 117 Glossary 93 Psyllid Yellows 123 Index X
A potato disease is an interaction between a host (the potato) and a pathogen (bacterium, fungus, virus, mycoplasma, nematode, or adverse environment) that impairs productivity or usefulness of the crop. Frequently, adverse environmental effects are sufficient to initiate disease in the absence of an infectious entity. The host-pathogen interaction is influenced by environment acting on either the potato or the pathogen or on both and is determined by the genetic capabilities of I) the potato in being either susceptible or resistant and 2) the pathogen in being pathogenic (virulent) or nonpathogenic (avirulent). Furthermore, disease or adverse environment in one portion of the potato life cycle may severely limit effectiveness of production or quality at a later date. For example, field problems frequently become storage problems, which may later performance and, ultimately, h yielding ability. The value of any crop determines the extent to which control measures may be justified. Relatively speaking, the potato is a high-value crop with complex production, storage, and utili7ation problems, and therufore relatively elaborate prevention practices are appropriate. Correct diarnosis and identification of disease is of paramount :mntortance for initiation of appropriate control and prevention measures. General References BLODGETT, E. C., and A. E.RICH. 1949. Potato tube," diseases, Importance The potato is the most important dicotyledonous source of human food. It ranks as the fifth major food crop of the world, exceeded only by the grasses-wheat, rice, maize (corn), and barley. In North America, dry matter production of potatoes per unit ofland Lrea exceeds that ofwheat, barley, andmaizeby factors of 3.04, 2.68, and 1.12, respectively. Yields of protein per unit of land area exceed those of wheat, rice, and maize by factors of 2.02, 1.33, and 1.20, respectively. Pecause of increasing yields per unit area of land, total potato production has been increasing even though the area of land planted to potatoes isdecreasing. Yields in northern Europe and North America (1970-1973) generally ranged from 20 to over 35 metric ton/ha (178-311 cwt/A) and were somewhat lower in the war mer areas of Europe. The percentage of arable land in potato production ranges from less than 1%in Canada and the Introduction Potato Disease defects, and insect injuries in the Facific Northwest. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn. Pop. Bull. No. 195. 116 pp. CALDERONI, A. V. 1978. Enfermedades de lapapa y su control. Editorial Hemesferia Sur S. A., Buenos Aires. 143 pp. FRENCH, E. R., H. TORRES, T.A. de ICOCHEA, L. SALAZAR, C. FRIBOURG, E. N. FERNANDEZ, A. MARTINJ. FRANCO, M. M. de SCURRAH], 1.A. HERRERA, C. VISE, L. LAZO, and O.A. HIDALGO. 1972. Enfermedade.; de laPapa en el Peri6. Bol. Tecn. No. 77 Est. Exp. Agric. La Molina. 36 pp. HODGSON, W. A., D. D. PONDandJ. MUNRO. 1974. Diseasesand pests of potatoes. Canada Dept. Agric. Publ. 1492. 69 pp. KEI.L.ER. E. R., and A. ZAII. 1969. l)ictionarv of Iechnical Terms Relating to the Potato (in English. (erman. and French). Fur. Assoc. Iot. RCS..luris-I)ruck. Zurich. III pp. McKAY, R. 1955. Potato Diseases. Irish Potato Marketing Co., Ltd., Dublin. 126 pp. O'BRIEN, M.J.,and A. E. RICH. 1976. Potato Diseases. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., Agriculture Handbook No. 474. 79 pp. SALZMANN, R.. and E. R. KEI.LER. 1969. Krankheiten und Schadlinge der Kartoffel. Verbandsdruckerei. AG, Bern. 150 pp. SCHICK, R., and M. KLINKOWSKI. 1961. Die Kartoffcl, ein Handbuch. Vol. I. 1,007 pp.; Vol. 11,2,112 pp. Veb Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. SMITH, W. L., Jr., and J. B. WILSON 1978. Market diseases of potatoes. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Handbook No. 479. 99 pp. WHITEHEAD, W,.f. P. McINTOSH. and W. M. FINDLAY. 1953. The potato inhealth and disease, 3rd ed. Oliver and Boyd, London. 774 pp. The Potato (Prepared by W. J. Hooker) United States to 18% or more in the Netherlands and Poland. The USSR, China, and Poland lead in area of land in potato production. In the tropics (between 300 north and south latitudes) yields are below 13 ton/ha (116 cwt/A), more commonly below 10 tons (89cwt/A), and the percentage ofarable land in potatoes is low except in Peru (13%). However, potato production is increasing as measured by land area in potato production, yield per hectare, and total production. Most potatoes are used for human consumption. In the tropics potatoes are often available only in certain seasons because of storage problems. Approximately 50% of Europran potato production is used as stock feed, with perhaps 25% of table stock potatoes being diverted to stock feee because of defects. The potato is characteristically a crop of the cool, temperate reg.ins or of elevations of approximately 2,000 m (6,560 ft) or 1
Page 1 and 2: , ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
Page 3 and 4: Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
Page 5 and 6: In memory ofimy respected colleague
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments Planning Committee
Page 9: Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
Page 15 and 16: +q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a
Page 17 and 18: Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
Page 19 and 20: more heavily in the vascular region
Page 21 and 22: the air temperature when tubers are
Page 23 and 24: iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
Page 25 and 26: identifying tissue bruised by black
Page 27 and 28: Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
Page 29 and 30: conditions permits normal leaf deve
Page 31 and 32: Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
Page 33 and 34: sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
Page 35 and 36: Selected Reference brown to bronze
Page 37 and 38: Part II. Disease in the Presence of
Page 39 and 40: should be planted on land with at l
Page 41 and 42: Control I) Use disease-free tubers
Page 43 and 44: FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
Page 45 and 46: Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
Page 47 and 48: Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
Page 49 and 50: any time but generally occurs late
Page 51 and 52: '40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
Page 53 and 54: A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
Page 55 and 56: R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
Page 57 and 58: TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
Page 59 and 60: d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
Page 61 and 62:
strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
Page 63 and 64:
tuber malformation. Roots are also
Page 65 and 66:
1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
Page 67 and 68:
13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
Page 69 and 70:
24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
Page 71 and 72:
34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
Page 73 and 74:
44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
Page 75 and 76:
55. Leafroll virus. Current season
Page 77 and 78:
67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
Page 79 and 80:
77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82:
Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84:
obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86:
invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88:
necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90:
do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92:
cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94:
penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96:
have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98:
In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100:
infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102:
cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104:
WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106:
3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107 and 108:
nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 109 and 110:
Symptoms AMV may induce Other predo
Page 111 and 112:
Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plan
Page 113 and 114:
Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116:
Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118:
The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120:
modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122:
immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124:
l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126:
They attack many major crops in the
Page 127 and 128:
infested areas of North America sev
Page 129 and 130:
antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye
Page 131 and 132:
carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 133 and 134:
Diagnostic Microbial Structures Scl
Page 135 and 136:
Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138:
Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140:
Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142:
Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144:
coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146:
many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148:
Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149:
Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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