Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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15-40 cm high so as to stimulate the growth of axillary shoots. These shoots, which are used as cuttings, are removed when they are 5-7 cm long (treating with a rooting hormone is optional) and transplanted to moist, sterile sand or vetmiculite (held under intermittent mist in some institutions) until rooting occurs, usually 10-12 days. Following an optional hardening-off period in a cold frame, they are transplanted to the field. In the meantme the "mother" plants. from which the cuttings were taken, are screened thoroughly to assure freedom from the various pathogens. In 1970, Scotland became the first country to require that all seed lots entered for ce,'tification be derived from nuclear stocks developed from virus-tested stem cuttings. Once disease-free material has been obtained, procedures for further increase of nuclear seed stocks on official seed farms vary; however, a thorough indexing program (greenhouse and winter field test). utilizing various combinations of tuber, hill, and tuber-unit indexing, is used in all programs. These stocks are increased primarily as four-cut tuber units (four consecutive hills per tuber) for two years before being sold to foundation growers. During this increase period, they are rogued intensively during the growing season and screened thoroughly for the presence of viruses. Foundation seed growers are encouraged to use a "flush-out" system that entails purchasing nuclear stocks each year from official seed farms and increasing them for no more than 2-3 years. Certifying agencies, which do not have official seed farms, must rely on a few selected growers for the increase of nuclear seed stocks The production of top quality seed potatoes has become a highly sophisticated and technical procedure that undoubtedly will become more complex as new technology isdeveloped. It is imperative that all those associated with seed production be receptive to technological improvements to ensure continuous progress in the seed industry. 106 Selected References DARLING H. M. 1977. Seed potatocertification. Pages 405-416 in: 0. Smith, ed. Potatoes: Production, Storing, Processing, 2nd ed. Avi Publishing Co.. Westport, CT. 776 pp. HARDIE. J. .. 1970. Potato Growers' Guide t) Clonal Selection. McCorquodale l.td., Glasgow., Scotland. 20 pp. MELLOR, F. C.,and R.StACE-SMITIH. 1977. Virus-free potatoes by tissue culture. Pages 616-646 in: J. Reinert and Y. P. S. Bajaj. eds. Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell. Tissue, and Organ Culture. Springer-Verlag, New York. 803 pp. MOREL. G. and C. MARIN. 1955. Guison de pommes de terre atteintes de maladies i virus. C. R.ttebd. Sanc. Acad. Agric. Fr. 41:472-474. MUNRO,J. 1954. Maintenanceofvirus X-freepotatoes. Am. Potato.. 31:73-82. OORTWIJN BOTJES. I. G. 1920. t)e bladrolziekte van de aardappelplant. M.S. thesis. Iandbouwhogeschool, Wageningen. 136 pp. ORTON. W.A. 1914. Inspection and certification of potato seed stock. Phytopathology 4:39-40 (Abstr.). QUANJER, H. M., H. A. A. VAN DER LEK, and J. G.OORTWIJN BOTJES. 1916. Aard, verspreidingswijze en bestrijding van phloemnecrose (bladrol) en verwante ziekten. Sereh. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. 10:1-138. RIEMAN. G. H. 1956. Early history of potato seed certification in North America, 1913-1922. Potato Handbook. Vol. I, pp. 6-10. Potato Assoc. Am., New Brunswick, NJ. SCHULTZ, E.S., and D. FOISOM. 1921. leafroll, net-necrosis. and spindling-sprout of the Irish potato. .1.Agric. Res. 21:47-80. SEED REPORT. 1977. Spudlight. Certified Seed Edition, Part 2.United Fresh Fruit Veg. Assoc., Washington, DC. 15 pp. (Prepared by E. D. Jones, James Munro, and H. M. Darling)
Diagnostic Microbial Structures Sclerotia Black - white mold, gray mold, Rhizoctonia, charcoal rot Purplish black- violet root rot Very small, black black dot ran - stem rot Bacterial Exudate from Vascular Tissue Abundant, gray -- brown rot Sparse, white ring rot Prominent Mycelium in or on Soil White white mold White, fanlike-- stem rot Grayish white ---Rosellinia Brown, in strands near or on tubers-Xylaria, Armillaria Entire Plant Distinct Symptoms Lacking Unusually large - giant hill Off-color, poor growth --general nutrient deficiency, several nutrient imbalances Bronzing General or of old leaves- photochemical oxidant air pollution, potassium or zinc deficiency, Fusarium wilt Of tip leaves psyllid yellows Upright growth habit - PI.RV in andigena types, PSTVL Stunting and/or Poor Growth Beginning in localized areas of field --nematodes (cyst, root-knot, false root-knot, stubby-root, lesion). 4 Mild ,o%evere --several virus diseases (PLRV, PVY, PVM,APMV, TBRV,PSTV, PYDV, BCTV) Pale light green to yellow leaves, later necrotic -magnesium deficiency Dark green several mosaic viruses Early in season---potassium deficiency Lusterless phosphorus deficiency Dwarfing BCTV, PYDV, PMTV Early maturity - several nutritional deficiencies Lower leaves mature, speckled - photochemical oxidant air pollution General chlorosis, usually from base upward-Verticillium wilt Key to Disease Necrosis Systemic (top necrosis)-PVX, PAMV,APMV, PVT, TSWV Defoliation from bottom toward top of plant-early blight, photochemical oxidant air pollution, powdery mildew, pink rot, PVY Deformed Internodes shortened Downward leaf curl -potassium deficiency Bushy appearance--boron defiiency, PYDV, Fusarium wilts Spindly, crinkled leaves-chemical injury Chlorotic to necrotic margins phosphorus deficiency Numerous stems, bushy-- genetic abnormalities, mycoplasmas Rosette At tip-calcium deficiency With dwarfing-ring rot Red pigmentation or chlorosis of apical leaves, stunting, general chlorosis, thickening of nodes, aerial tubers, vascular necrosis, basal stem necrosis, or early death--blackleg, Rhizoctonia, mycoplasma, Fusarium wilts, BCTV, psyllid yellows Stem Numerous-coiled sprout And thin-genetic abnormalities, hair sprout, mycoplasmas, TMV Stoentlng Of some stems--TRY And internodes shortened-PVY, PMTV, PYDV Lesions Originating Below Ground Black, extending upward from seed tuber, pith dark, cortical decay-blackleg, pink rot Brown-common scab, skiii spot, black dot Girdling of stem- Rhizoctonia Rot, with dry shredding--Fusarium wilts, mycoplasmas With prominent gray fungus, mold growth- Rosellinia Lesions at or Near Soil Surface Girdliog and collapse, bleached color-heat injury White pi . -mis at soil line, cross-hatched collapse of pith-lightning injury No underyling necrosis on stem surface Red to purple mycelium-violet Surface root rot moldy, white at soil line, watery rot, stem collapse Late maturity, larger than normal-genetic abnormalitiesRetoprlmylim-oltotrt Wilt With drought stre! -nematodes (cyst. root-knot, false root-knot) Chlorosis, wilt, and early death-- black do., violet root rot. brown rot, charcoal rot In groups in the field- -Rosellinia With vascular discoloration Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilts Wilt or chlorosis Of one stem or on one side of leaf, stem, or side of plant-brown rot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, ring rot Of green leaves and stems, later chlorosis and necrosis-ring rot, brown rot, pink rot, stem rot Rapid green collapse and death of some or all plants in localized areas of field-lightning injury Black sclerotia--white mold Tan sclerotia-stem rot Lesions Above Soil Surface Epidermis white, underlying tissue usually unaffected-sunscald, hail injury Necrosis, black to brown Extensive--late blight Restricted in size-early blight Stippled flecks--powdery mildew Also of petiole, stem brittle-manganese toxicity Brown necrotic streaks on stems and petioles-PVY, TSWV At petiole attachment-blackleg, late blight, gray mold Light brown broad zonation-white mold 107
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, ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
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Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
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In memory ofimy respected colleague
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Acknowledgments Planning Committee
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Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
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A potato disease is an interaction
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Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
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+q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a
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Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
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more heavily in the vascular region
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the air temperature when tubers are
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iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
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identifying tissue bruised by black
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Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
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conditions permits normal leaf deve
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Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
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sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
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Selected Reference brown to bronze
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Part II. Disease in the Presence of
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should be planted on land with at l
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Control I) Use disease-free tubers
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FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
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Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
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Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
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any time but generally occurs late
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'40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
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A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
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R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
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TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
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d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
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strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
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tuber malformation. Roots are also
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1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
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13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
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24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
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34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
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44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
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55. Leafroll virus. Current season
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67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
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77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82: Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84: obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86: invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88: necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90: do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92: cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94: penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96: have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98: In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100: infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102: cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104: WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106: 3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107 and 108: nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 109 and 110: Symptoms AMV may induce Other predo
Page 111 and 112: Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plan
Page 113 and 114: Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116: Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118: The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120: modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122: immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124: l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126: They attack many major crops in the
Page 127 and 128: infested areas of North America sev
Page 129 and 130: antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye
Page 131: carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 135 and 136: Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138: Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144: coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146: many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148: Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149: Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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