Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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- . .,Lenticels N", F r _. "break -.gas B. a r I Cbecomes rays impairs wound-healing processes. Certain pesticide chemicals on the cut tuber surface, such as some seed treatments, may impair the effectiveness of wound healing, certain whereas phenolic compounds enhance the wound-healing process and wound periderm formation. Under favorable environmental conditions, suberin is demonstrable within 24 hr S"and periderm within two to five days. Infection by some pathogens wound is greatly reduced by and the periderm rapid formation under ofsuberin wounds. -soils (Fig. 4) are formed under the stomata in the epidermis of stems as well as of tubers. A loose mass of thin-walled, relatively small, rounded cells initially forms under the periderm and eventually breaks through. Thus, the lenticel consists of a in the tuber surface underlaid walled with loosely cells. arranged, Lenticels thin (numbering l-/cm- of surface) permit exchange through the are relatively unfavorably impervious wet, periderm. lenticels When tubers become on enlarged underground (hypertrophied stems and or proliferated) and ..." .. extrude beyond the surface as white tufts in approximately diameter. 0.5 mm ,- 'Lenticels provide infection sites for several pathogens, including those inciting bacterial soft rot and late blight. , - "-'''-' ""DEAN, Roots Plants from true seed produce a slender tap root that later fibrous. Plants grown from seed tubers have a fibrous system of lateral roots arising usually in groups of three at the nodes of the underground stem. Lateral roots originate in the pericycle regions of roots and in meristems of the subterranean stems close to the nodal piate. Cell divisinn in the pericycle gives rise to the root primordium, which pushes its way mechanically and possibly by enzymatic activity through the cortex. Sites of root emergence are essentially open wounds and provide infection courts for pathogens. Selected References ADAMS, M.J. 1975. Potato tuber lenticels: Susceptibility to infection by Erwinia carolooravar. airosepticaand Phvtophthorainfestans. Ann. AppI. Biol. 79:275-282. ARTSCHWAGER, E.1924. Studies on the potato tuber. J. Agric. Res. 27:809-835. ARTSCHWAGER, E. 1927. Wound periderm formation in the potato as affected by temperature and humidity. J. Agric. Res. 35:995-1000. BURTON, W. G. 1966. The Potato, 2nd ed. ff. Veenman and Zonen. Wageningen, B. B., P. Holland. E. KOLATITUKUDY, 382 pp. Chemical composition and R. W. DAVIS. and ultrastructure 1977. of suberin from hollow heart tissue of potato tubers (Solanumn tuberosum). Plant Physiol. 59:1008-1010. .DODDS, K. S. 1962. Classification of cultivated potatoes. Pages 517 539 in: D. S. Correlled. The Potato and Its Wild Relatives. Section' Tuberarium of the Genus Solanum. Texas Res. Foundation, Renner, TX. 606 pp. HARRIS, P. M., ed. 1978. The Potato Crop: The Scientific Basis for Improvement. Chapman and Hall, London. 730 pp. HAYWARD, H. E. 1938. Solanum tuherosum. Pages 514-549 in: The Structure of Economic Plants. The Macmillan Co., New York. . .~i674 pp. HOWARD, H. W. 1970. Genetics of the Potato, Solanun tuberosum. Logos Press, Ltd., London. 126 pp. M1ZICKO, J., C. H. LIVINGSTON, and G. JOHNSON. 1974. The effects of dihydroquercetin on the cut surface of seed potatoes. Am. Potato J. 51:216-222. :i OCHOA. C. NI. 1962. los So,,um 'luheriteros Svlvestres del Peru (Sec. Tuterarium.Sub-scc. tly-prtasulrrn).Talleres (Grificos1P. L.Villanuesa S.A., Linua Peru. 297 pp. REEVE, commercial R. M. 1974. peeling Relevance losses. of immature Am. Po:ato tuber J. periderm 51:254-262. to high SALAMAN, R.N. 1949. The Historyand Social Influence of the Potato. Cambridge University Press. London. Fig. 685 3. A, pp. Epidermis of stem. Tuber surfaces: B, immature SWAMINATHAN, periderm; M. C,slightly S., and H.W. more HOWARD. mature periderm; 1953. The D,mature cytology periderm and genetics of the potato (Solanun? wtherosum)and of normal related tuber species. surface; E, well-developed wound healing pertderm on acut Bibliogr. surface. Genet. Bar 16:1-192. represents 50 jum in all photographs. THOMPSON, N. R. 1978. Potatoes. Pages 485-501 in: M. Milner, N. 4
+q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a pota~o plant permitting entrance of pathogens: A, stor ate on leaf (bar represents 20 m): B, enlarged lenticels on tuber surface, usually inconspicuous bit enlarged when soil is wet: C, section through enlarged lenticel (bar represents 100pm); D, roots emerging through the surface of stems or other roots, producing open wounds (bar represents 100 pm). S Scrinisha%. and I). t. U. \W'ang, eds. Protein Resources and I clniology: Status and Rcscarch Needs. Avi Publishing Co., Inc.. Westport, Ct . VAN I)F R ZAAG. 1). L. 1976. Potato production and uoli/ation in the world. Potato Res. 19:37-72. Oxygen-Temperature Relationships Interrelationships between tuber respiration, gas exchange, and tuber temperature are operative in the field before, during, and after tuber enlargement. After harvest, they markedly influence storage life, seed performance, and market quality, [he potato tuber is capable of respiring both aerobically and, for a limited time, anaerobically. Because the natural periderm Of tihe tub( r is a harrier to gas diffusion, diffusion take:, place through the lcnticels. I)iffusion rates differ between individual lenticels. and diffusion is further dependent upon the exposed intercellular spaces of tile underly:ng tuber tissue. Within the tuber, gas difLusion takes place through the intercellular spaces, wkhich occupy close to II( of the internal tuber volume. Oxygen (():1 is present in the potlato tuber both in the atmosphere of the intercellular spaces and dissol~ed in the cell sap. Carbin dioxide WO()) diffuses through lenticels at a rate approxiniatelv 80( 1 of that for 0). )uring early and rnidseason stirage. CO: excess and () deficit %%ithinthe tuber are usually about equal. later in storage (0) evolution mav much exceed () absorption. I uber periderin permeability is highest thro iglh immature skins d uring growth of the crop, decreases du. ir', maturation of the vines, and reaches a low ic\el after deati of1vines. Permeability drops considerably during the first five weeks of storage and gradually rise!, to a level comparable to that of mature tub,'rs in the field. A thin film of water on the tuber surface virt dllV stops oxygen diffusion through the lenticels and can reduce the center of the tuber to anaerobic conditions within 6 hr at 111VC and in 2 hrat 21CC. Respiration rates of small, medium, and large tubers are essentially similar per unit of volume tinder satisfactoryenvironmental condiion... However, the ratio of surface area to total volume is much higher in small tubers than in large tubers, Under conditions stimulating high respiration rates (high tem- WIG(N(IT N, M. .1. 1974. Effects of temperature, oxygen tension and relative humidity on the wound-healing process in the potato tuber. Potato Res. 17:200-214. (Prepared by W. J. Hooker) perature) or reduced gas diffusion from tuber surfaces (surface water films), the smaller ratio of surface area to volume in large tubers may limit gas exchange and cause injury, whereas the larger ratio in small tubers may enable them to escape damage. Respiration rates ofimmature tubers are considerably higher than those of mature tubers early in storage but later become essentially similar. Respiration of mature tubers immediately after harvest is often three times that of the same tubers a week later. This increased respiration is in part associated with mechanical injury during harvest and storage. Respiration of potato tubers during storage (Fig. 5) is or 12 8, _ 6 4 C 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Temperature *C Fig. 5. Respiration rates of potato tubers at various storage temperatures. (Redrawn from W. G. Burton 1966. By permission from the author and H. Veenman en Zonen B. V.). J 5
Page 1 and 2: , ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
Page 3 and 4: Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
Page 5 and 6: In memory ofimy respected colleague
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments Planning Committee
Page 9 and 10: Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
Page 11 and 12: A potato disease is an interaction
Page 13: Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
Page 17 and 18: Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
Page 19 and 20: more heavily in the vascular region
Page 21 and 22: the air temperature when tubers are
Page 23 and 24: iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
Page 25 and 26: identifying tissue bruised by black
Page 27 and 28: Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
Page 29 and 30: conditions permits normal leaf deve
Page 31 and 32: Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
Page 33 and 34: sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
Page 35 and 36: Selected Reference brown to bronze
Page 37 and 38: Part II. Disease in the Presence of
Page 39 and 40: should be planted on land with at l
Page 41 and 42: Control I) Use disease-free tubers
Page 43 and 44: FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
Page 45 and 46: Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
Page 47 and 48: Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
Page 49 and 50: any time but generally occurs late
Page 51 and 52: '40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
Page 53 and 54: A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
Page 55 and 56: R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
Page 57 and 58: TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
Page 59 and 60: d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
Page 61 and 62: strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
Page 63 and 64: tuber malformation. Roots are also
Page 65 and 66:
1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
Page 67 and 68:
13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
Page 69 and 70:
24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
Page 71 and 72:
34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
Page 73 and 74:
44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
Page 75 and 76:
55. Leafroll virus. Current season
Page 77 and 78:
67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
Page 79 and 80:
77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82:
Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84:
obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86:
invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88:
necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90:
do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92:
cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94:
penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96:
have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98:
In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100:
infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102:
cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104:
WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106:
3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107 and 108:
nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 109 and 110:
Symptoms AMV may induce Other predo
Page 111 and 112:
Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plan
Page 113 and 114:
Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116:
Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118:
The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120:
modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122:
immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124:
l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126:
They attack many major crops in the
Page 127 and 128:
infested areas of North America sev
Page 129 and 130:
antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye
Page 131 and 132:
carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 133 and 134:
Diagnostic Microbial Structures Scl
Page 135 and 136:
Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138:
Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140:
Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142:
Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144:
coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146:
many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148:
Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149:
Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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