Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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WAI.KINSHtAW, C. ].. and R.11.LARSON. 1959. Corky ringspot of potato. A soil-borne virus disease. Wis. Agric. Exp. Sin. Res. Bull. 217. 31 pp. (Prepared by 1). P. Weingartner) Potato Yellow Dwarf Virus Potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV) occurs in Canada and in the United States in Michigan, New York. and Wisconsin. Disease outbreaks have not been reported for almost 40 years. Symptoms Vines from infected seed pieces are dwarfed and brittle, and Vine eedpiees frm ifeced re wared nd ritleand the entire plant has a yellowish cast. I.eaflet margins roll upward, but the longitudinal axis of the leaflet curves downward (Plate 71). Pith necrosis of stems is common, appearing shortly after foliage chlorosis. Necrosis beginning near the growing point may eventually extend the length of the stem (Fig. 86). Tubcrs are usulally few, small, and deformed. A dark brown necrosis, which may easily he confused with heat necrosis, occurs i throughout the tuber, with only the xylem elements apparently unaffected (Fig. 86). Failure of infected tubers to germinate, resulting in widespread stand reduction, is characteristic. Causal Agent 'YI)V isbacilliform, with particles measuring about 380 X 75 It. *; fVirology Fig. 86. Yellow dwarf virus: tuber surface cracking, internal necrosis, and pith necrosis of stem. (Courtesy J. H. Muncie) 82 nm. Virions are closely associated with the nucleus of infected cells. Approximately 20%' of the virus is lipid. Of the four major structural proteins (with molecular weights of 22, 33, 56, and 78 X 10 ). the largest is a glycoprotein. The virus contains singlestranded ribonucleic acid (molecular weight 4.6 X 10"'). Infectivity of PYI)V in Nicotiana rustica sap is retained for 2.5-12 hr at 23-27 - 0 C. Dilution end point is usually about 10 and thermal inactivation, about 50'C. IPYDV does not withstand desiccation in N. rustica leaves nor prolonged storage in frozen leaves. Purification of PYI)V is difficult because the virus is quite labile. Epidemiology PYDV, the only known virus borne by leafhoppers that isalso mechanically transmissible, consists of two closely related forms, one transmitted by Aceratagallia sanguinolenita but not byrAgalona by Agallia transmittedand another transmitted wit t nr constrictaand another tiansmitted with tile inverse vector relationship. Agalha quadrupuncata has been reported to transmit both forms. PYDV is propagative in the vector. No transmission through true seed his been recorded. PYDV is c r m o erion t oee xt in poaor . carried from one generation to the next in Potato tubers. High temperatures enhance vine symptoms and reduce plant emergence from infected tubers, whereas low temperatures increase plant or sprout emergence and suppress vine s p l s mu s symptoms. Other Hosts In addition to solanaceous plants, vectors have transmitted the virus to members of Compositac, Cruciferae, Labiatae, Leguminosae. Polygonaceae, and Scrophulariaccae. N. rushica and N.glutinosa can be mechanically inoculated by rubbing. In N. rustica, primary lesions Occur, followed by systemic invasion. This host serves for virus assay and propagation. hChr.santhemtnn leucanthetan var. pinnatqiidn, oxeye daisy. is the principal source of infection for potato crops. Control I) Plant certified seed produced in areas where PYDV is not found. 2) Plant certified seed produced as far as possible from clover fields in infested areas to avoid the clover leafhopper, Aceratagallia sanguinolenta, which can harbor the virus through the winter. Table stock potatoes should not be planted adjacent to clover fields in infested areas. 3) Plant tolerant cultivars. Cultivars shown to be fieldtolerant are Chippewa, Katahdin. Russet Burbank, and Sebago. Selected References BI.ACK, I.. M. 1937. A study lof'potato yellowdwarf in New York. N.Y. Agric. Exp. Sin.. Cornell. Mem 209. 23 pp. BLACK. I..M. 1970. Potato yellow dwarf virus. No. 35 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Cormonw,. Mycol. Inst., Assoc. Appl. Biol., Kew, Surrey. England. HStU, II. T.. and .. M. BI.ACK. 1973. Polyethylene glycol for purification of potato yellow dwarf virus. Phytopathology 63:692-696. MacI.EOI), R., . M. BL+ACK, AND F. H. MOYER. 1966. The fine structure and intracellular localiation of potato yellow dwarf virus. 29:540-552. tMUNCIE, .1.II. 1935. Yellow dwarf disease of potatoes. Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. Spec. Bull. 260. 18 pp. WAI.KER,-1. C.. and R. II. I.ARSON. 1939. Yellowdwarf ofpotato in Wisconsin. .1.Agric. Res. 59:259-280. (Prepared by H. Darling and S. Slack) Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is found worldwide but is generally considered of little economic importance in potatoes.
Symptoms AMV may induce Other predominantly Hosts calico symptoms on foliage Natural (Plate infection 72) or necrotic is known symptoms for 47 plant in tubers. species Calico in 12 familiessymptoms are over 300 species pale have to bright been mottling experimentally or blotching infected. ofpotato AMV leaflets, is with all or highly variable, with numerous large strains sectors causing of leaflets different yellow. The plant may be slightly stunted. Leaflet reactions necrosis on test is plants. common and may extend into stems the and to the tubers. Phaseolus vulharis (French bean) and Iligna sinensis Tuber necrosis, generally show usually local visible lesions by and or harvest, systemic begins infection just and beneath serve gs diagnostic and assay p orts. the epidermis at tile stolon attachment and later spreads i'ciafahaand Pisim satitnu throughout exhibit black, the tuber, necrotic, leaving local scattered dry, corky areas. Tubers may be lesions misshapen, and stem cracked, necrosis; and plants few per die. plant. Disease severity In Chenopodium ainaranticolorand varies with virus strains C. quinoa. and local potato lesions cultivars. and systemic chlorotic and necrotic flecks are produced. Causal Agent Nicotiana tabacum is a good propagation necrotic or chlorotic species, local with lesions and systemic AM mottle. Vconsists of sc\eral differently sedimenting nucleoprotein species (Fig. 87), each with a width of about 18 containing nm and about Control 18"i ribonucleic acid (RNA). The larger I) Potatoes should particles not appear be planted to be bacilliform, adjacent to with known approximate lengths of reservoir 58, 49. 38. hosts and such 29 nm, as alfalfa whereas or clover, the smallest especially particle, when cultural 19 rim in practices promote diameter, aphid movement is probably into icosahedral. tie potato Molecular crop. weights for the 2)Volunteeralfalfa, encapsidated clover, RNAs or potato are about plants 1.3, that 1.1. may 0.9. serve and as 0.3 X 10'. A an initial source of inoculum should be removed single structural from a protein potato with a molecular weight value between 24,500 and 32.600 field. has been reported. The largest three 3) Visibly infected potatoes should nucleoprotein be rogued components during the or all four RNA molecules are necessary growing for infection. season. The structural or coat protein can be 4) Certified substituted seed for should the smallest be planted RNA each molecule year. to initiate infection. 5) Spraying to reduce vector AIMV populations is moderately is of dubious inmunogenic. value and no serological because of the short time required for transmission. relationship to other viruses has been found. Thernal inactivation is usually between 60and 65'C but may range from 50 to 75'C. The dilution end point isgenerally in the \icinity of 10 Selected References . and longevity in vitro is from 4 hr to four days. BEEMSFiER, Infectivity A. 1. in leaves R.. and persists A. ROZENDAAI. at -18C for 1972. more Potato than viruses: a year. Properties and symptoms. Pages 115-143 in: .1.A. de l3okx, ed. Viruses Epidemiology of Potatoes and Seed-Potato Production. Pudoc, Mechanical inoculation Wageningen. The with Netherlands. sap by rubbing 233 pp. is generally BLACK, I.. M., and effective. W. C. PRICE. AMV 1940. is The transmitted relationship in between tile styletborne or viruses of potato calico nonpersistent and alfalfa mosaic. manner Phytopathology by as many as 16aphid species, including 30:444-447. Myzusersicae. rcgrfigand In pota potao.ed to, AMV AfM may may es he transmitted tansmitted by b tuber-. tuber- 1OI. J. F.,I.. ;VI.0iTEN-I)OIING. and F.M..J.JASPARS. core .Afunctionalequivalence 1971. graftitg and can becarried of topcornponent fromseason aRNA to season and coat in protein tubers, in the initiation of infection by alfalfa mosaic Although virus. AM Virology Vis seed-transmitted in some alfalfa varieties in chili and pepper, trarsmission 46:73-85. through true potato seed has not 130S, I.,and E. M.J.I ASPARS. been demonstrated. 1971. Alfalfa mosaicvirus. No. 46in: criptins of Plant Viruses. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Assoc. . , • .%, * 4 . 9 Fig. 87. Alfalfa mosaic virus particles: A,of various sizes in purified preparation, fixed in 2%glutaraldehyde and negatively stained in 1% phosphotungstate; B, one type of particle aggregation occurring in infected tissue (ch = chloroplast, v = virus). Note the pronounced swelling of virus particles in A versus those in B. Bars represent 100 nm. (Courtesy G. A. de Zoeten and G. Gaard) .4
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, ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
Page 3 and 4:
Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
Page 5 and 6:
In memory ofimy respected colleague
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Acknowledgments Planning Committee
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Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
Page 11 and 12:
A potato disease is an interaction
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Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
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+q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a
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Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
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more heavily in the vascular region
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the air temperature when tubers are
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iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
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identifying tissue bruised by black
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Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
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conditions permits normal leaf deve
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Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
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sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
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Selected Reference brown to bronze
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Part II. Disease in the Presence of
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should be planted on land with at l
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Control I) Use disease-free tubers
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FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
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Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
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Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
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any time but generally occurs late
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'40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
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A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
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R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
Page 57 and 58: TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
Page 59 and 60: d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
Page 61 and 62: strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
Page 63 and 64: tuber malformation. Roots are also
Page 65 and 66: 1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
Page 67 and 68: 13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
Page 69 and 70: 24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
Page 71 and 72: 34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
Page 73 and 74: 44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
Page 75 and 76: 55. Leafroll virus. Current season
Page 77 and 78: 67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
Page 79 and 80: 77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82: Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84: obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86: invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88: necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90: do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92: cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94: penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96: have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98: In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100: infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102: cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104: WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106: 3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107: nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 111 and 112: Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plan
Page 113 and 114: Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116: Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118: The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120: modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122: immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124: l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126: They attack many major crops in the
Page 127 and 128: infested areas of North America sev
Page 129 and 130: antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye
Page 131 and 132: carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 133 and 134: Diagnostic Microbial Structures Scl
Page 135 and 136: Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138: Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144: coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146: many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148: Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149: Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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