Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Appl. Biol.. Kew. Surrey, England. CERVANIES. J., and R.11.I.ARSON. 1961. Allala mosa: Oirus in relation to tuber necrosis in the potato xariet\ Red L.a Soda. is. Agrie. Exp. Sn. Res. ull. 229. lip. lUt+L. R. 1969. Alfala mosaic ,itus Ad\, Virus Res. 15:365-433. OS\ Al.1)..I, W. 1950. A strain ol the allatta-mosaic virus causing %,inc aid tither necrosis il potato. Pl,,topatltholhg, 40:973 -991. (Prepared by S. Slack) Potato Aucuba Mosaic Virus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAM V) is found worldwide but is not common. It is also called tuber blotch. Symptoms These depend bit itotn Nirs strainaand potato cultivar( Fig. 88 A and B). They include bright yellow spots, mostly on the lower leaves: deformation and stunting \without Vello" spots: mosaic and top necrosis: and necrosis and sometimes deformation of the tubers (tuber blotch) (l'ig. 88(). Foliage symptoms may be lacking in the second \ear after infection and later. liher necrosis generally de\clops duiring storage and its de\elopaient is more sexere at higher temperatures (20-24°C) than at lower ones. Necrosis of the tubers can be both on the surface lbrown patches and sunken brown areas) atnd in the flesh. AB i !;" 1 . " .!Bright C W Fig. 88. Potato aucuba mosaic virus: A, bright yellow mosaic mottle; B, deformation; C, tuber necrosis; D, necrosis of inoculated leaves and systemic leaf necrosis in pepper. (Courtesy J. A. de Bokx) 84 Originally. P)AM V (potato virus G) and potato tuber blotch virus (potato virus F) were described as different viruses. Now the latter isconsidered to bea strain of PAM V. Many strains are known and can best be differentiated by using various potato cultivars. Causal Agent PAMV has filamentous particles. 580 am long and 11-12 nrn wide. The virus istransmitted mechanically and by aphids in the nonpersistent manner (stVlethorne) when aided by "helper" viruses, including potato viruses Yor A. The virus is strongly immunogenic. Antisera can be used for identificatiotn by the precipitina test. Other Hosts On CapCsium annuun, brown, irregular concentric local lesions appear after 8-10 days. followed by systemic symptoms such as vein clearing, deformation, and severe necrosis (Fig. 88D) and sometimes by complete killing of the plants. PAMV can be differentiated from mop-top virus, which produces similar symptons on potato, because the latter does not infect C. annu 1 systemically. Nicotiana glitinosa exhibits mottle and vein banding. In N. tahacum. PAMV usually produces symptomless systemic infection. Some strains produce small round yellow spots on lower leaves of LYcolersicon em-ulentum. Control Remove infected plants from seed fields. Selected References BEEMSTER. A. B. R., and A. ROSENDAA,.. 1972. Plotato viruses: lProperties and symptomns. Pages 115-143 in: .1.A. de Bokx. ed. Viruses of Potatoes and Seed-Polato Production. Pudoc, Wageningen. The Netherlands. 233 pp. KASSANIS. B.. and 1). A. (i()VIIER. 1972. Pt.to aucuba mosaic si , No. 98 in: I)escriptions of orus. Ilant Viruses. Coanmonw. NIycol. Inst.. Assoc. Appl. Riol.. Key,. Surrey, Fngland. Mt NRO. .1.1960. lhe reactions of some potato varieties and seedlings to potato virus F. Aam. P:ota to .1.37:249-256. SMITH. K. M. 1972. A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases, 3rd ed. I orignian. London. 684 pp. (Prepared by A. B. R. Beemster) Tobacco Ringspot Virus So far, Andean potato calico caused by tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) has been confirmed only in Peru, but preliminary tests indicate its presence in other Andean countries. Symptoms yellow areas on the margins of middle and upper leaves gradually increase in siue to form large patches or even to affect the whole leaf (Plate 73). Most of the plant foliage may eventually turn yellow without stunting or leaf deformation (Plates 73 and 74). In experimentally inoculated potato, the primary reactions are local and systemic necrotic spots, ringspots, and sometimes systemic necrosis. Particles are isometric, about 28 nm in diameter. Purified Causal Agent preparations show empty particles and particles with infectious or noninfectious nucleoprotein. The virus is highly immunogeric. TRSV occurs in nature as six well-characterized, serologically related strains. The Andean potato calico strain is serologically related, but not identical, to the others. In tobacco sap its thermal inactivation point is 55-60' C: longevity in vitro, 9-Il days; and dilution end point, I0 - - 10 - ' . TRSV is similar in certain respects to potato black ringspot virus.
Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plant \'iruscs. Comll nwv,. NIycol. Inst., Assoc. The virus is probably introduced to uninfcsted soil when Appl. Biol., Kcy. Surrey, England. infected seed tubersare planted. Seedlings from infected seed of some weed species may also act as virus reservoirs. (Prepared by '. F. Fribourg) Iransmission to potato plants has not been investigated, but the virus is transmitted in other crops by the nernatode, .Vilhinemca americanum; thrips, 7hrit.s taha'i; the tobacco flea beetle, Tomato Black Ring Virus lt'itrixhirtipnni.s;and other vectors. Iowever. sporadic field occurrence of calico fits the pattern of spread by a nernatode Tomato black ring irus (IBR V) affects potato in Northern vector. and Central Europe bt normally is uncommon. Epidemiology Symptoms Cool temperatures favor disease development in potato Primary systemic s~mptonis, necrotic spots and rings on plants. Iigh soil moisture may favor the nematode. leaves. (eve"lop in only a few plants. Often plants are Other |osts symptomless the fiist year of infection. TRSV Il the second transmits year, mechanically to at least 38 genera in 17 chronic shpdadslgtynsspnwhnericpoigad symptoms develop: tip leaves ma\ be cupped (spoonfamilies. usually inducing symptoms of chlorotic or necrotic s and slightly iissiapen, wh necrotic spotting and spotting. plants sornev hat stunted (boUtUqet) (Fig. 91). In the third year, In Vicotiana taatuni, it prodtices local and systemic plants de~clop pat only c chronic lpol s~riptoris. hoi Blhight yellow smtis lih leaf markings are produced elwla by the chlorotic pseudc-aucUba and necrotic ringspots and line patterns, followed by infected synponlessl, strain. and Some tubers from diseased Tubers plants are syvstemic svmnptomless infection F ig. 89A). in-ce sytemic s-polsladsm s ies nftrdin uesfo necotic iesdpat lesions I o,'na nino sinunsi.c\eiibits atare reddish necrotic lesions healthy. Although ill noculated secondaiy loss of symptoms yield in individual averages 20--30) plants , this is with not a major leaves, follo, cd by systemic apical necrosis (Fig. 891). disease because it occurs only sporadically. In ('utctojis saivus. symptoms are chlorotic or necrotic lesions in inoculated leaves, systemic chlorotic spots, mottling, Causal Agent and apical distortion. Particles are isometric and about 30 nm in diameter. Some are Control Controltobacco full and some sap, thermal empty. 'he inactivation virtis is strongly is 60-65°C; immunogenic. dilution end In I) Roguing infected plants is effective because the disease is point, 0-I0 and longcvity in vitro, two to three sporadic weeks. and susceptible cultivars show conspicuous symptoms. 2) IRSV is sometimes controlled ii other crops by treating infested fields with nematicides. Selected References FRIBHOtURG, C'. F. 1977. Andean potato calico strain of tobacco ringspot %irus. I'htopathology 67:174-178. GOOI)ING. i. V., .tr. 1970. Natural serological strains of tobacco ringspoi ,irus. Phytopathology 60:708-713. SAIAZAR. I.. F.. and B. I). HARRISON. 1978. The relationship of potato bhlack ringspot ,irus to tobacco ringspot and allied viruses. Anti. Appl. Iliot. 90:387-394. a STACF-SM ITH, R. 1970. lohacco ringspo" virus. No. 17 in: B ' '. Fig. 89. Tobacco ringspot virus: A,systemic symptoms intobacco leaf; B, local necrotic lesions and systemic apical necrosis in Fig. 90. Tomato black ring virus systemic necrotic spotting in cowpea (Vigna sinensis). (Courtesy C. E. Fribourg) naturally infected Majestic variety. (Courtesy S. D.Harrison) 85
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, ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
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Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
Page 5 and 6:
In memory ofimy respected colleague
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Acknowledgments Planning Committee
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Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
Page 11 and 12:
A potato disease is an interaction
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Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
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+q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a
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Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
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more heavily in the vascular region
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the air temperature when tubers are
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iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
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identifying tissue bruised by black
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Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
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conditions permits normal leaf deve
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Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
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sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
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Selected Reference brown to bronze
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Part II. Disease in the Presence of
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should be planted on land with at l
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Control I) Use disease-free tubers
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FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
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Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
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Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
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any time but generally occurs late
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'40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
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A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
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R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
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TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
Page 59 and 60: d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
Page 61 and 62: strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
Page 63 and 64: tuber malformation. Roots are also
Page 65 and 66: 1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
Page 67 and 68: 13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
Page 69 and 70: 24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
Page 71 and 72: 34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
Page 73 and 74: 44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
Page 75 and 76: 55. Leafroll virus. Current season
Page 77 and 78: 67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
Page 79 and 80: 77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82: Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84: obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86: invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88: necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90: do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92: cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94: penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96: have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98: In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100: infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102: cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104: WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106: 3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107 and 108: nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 109: Symptoms AMV may induce Other predo
Page 113 and 114: Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116: Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118: The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120: modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122: immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124: l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126: They attack many major crops in the
Page 127 and 128: infested areas of North America sev
Page 129 and 130: antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye
Page 131 and 132: carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 133 and 134: Diagnostic Microbial Structures Scl
Page 135 and 136: Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138: Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144: coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146: many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148: Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149: Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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