Compendium of Potato Diseases - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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humidity, photoperiod, and host plant condition) to which the Where winter conditions are severe, most potato-infesting aphid or its mother is exposed. Thus. the life cycle of any aphids overwinter as sexually produced eggs laid on the rough particular species riaN not be the same in different parts ofthe bark of a woody host or on the crown and leaves of an world. Aphids may he winged (alate) or wingless (apterous), herbaceous biennial or perennial plant. A female nymph male or emale. Females may he o%iparous (sexually producing hatches from each egg in the spring, feeds on the expanding fertili/ed oxer%%intering eggs) or parthenogenetic and viviparous foliage, and after molting four times, develops into a nature, (asexually producing living young, called nymphs), wingless, parthenogenetic female. She gives birth to female TABLE i11.Aphid Pests of Potato and Known Vectors and Nonvectors of Potato Viruses' Virus Transmitted" Aphid Potato Leafroll Y Potato A M Potato Acuba Mosaic Alfalfa Mosaic Coloni/ers ol potatoes ,.lphi. iA..rpii-fI;'at/ae. cornplex' (melon) .-IIhi. na.turtif buckthorn) .Aulacorthui. lani' (Ioxgloye) .t/a(rophtint euirhiae'(conmmon potato) ./it: atcalon 'io (shallot) .1/ii. per.%iat' (green peach) lIhopahemiiphonimi lati.hsipion(bulb and potato) Ihoah.oiphumruiabtdominali. (rice root - + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 'Smri ihio 'he Icuj I'rconiniton ctloniicrs of or visitors on potatoes ,-I(irhin il)hito pt.uttm' .. i rthoipio pri t/ac Aphi. /ia'at ("avariella ' i,%tiliateae lit dto eri.knit .lacro.ilhontiilla .%an/orni r ttro. .Ilizt.u hiuoitl + _ + + + + + + - + _ + . rnala s + + _ .\m'o:Ii 4ctil//t',ilds Rhohinu,,s '.itmiia tialhrleaeta/ipaelhts Rholi wmpntm pad, I-rm Kennel\ cit a 11962) and Beemsier and Ro/endaal (1972). + + + + + + + = \ector. -- -- nonector, I Ma o\crinter as eggs. incficient or inconsistent vector. TABLE IV. Key to Wingless Viviparous Female Aphids Colonizing Potato I. Siphunculi absent. Cauda small, rounded. On stolons. Smynithurodes hetae. II. Siphunculi present. Cauda extended, not rounded. A. Antennae always much shorter than body: head without prominent anten,;al tubercles, front of head slightly convex, almost flat. Siphunculi slightly longer than cauda. I. Body and antennae with long hairs; green with deep orange markings between and at bases of ,iphunculi; siphunculi almost cylindrical, thinner iust before flange. On roots. R/opalosilium ruflahdotoinalis. 2. Hody and antennae without long hairs; yellow to green, without deep orange markings on posterior; siphunculi cylindrical. a. On overwi nteri ng host, bodydeep green and, on potato, lemon yellow to green; siphunculi pale to light brownish with dusky tips; cauda y'clloss to light brown. same color as basal portions of siphunculi. On leaves and flowers. Aphis nasturtii (Plate 84), b. Body pah: yellow, yellow-green to mottled blackish green, siphunculi black, cauda dusky green to black. On leaves. Aphis gossl'fi /ani.dae'complex. B. Antennae usually as long as or longer than bodv: head with prominent antennal tubercles; front of head broadly concave; siphunculi much 102 longer than cauda. I. Siphunculi shiny black, cxtremely swollen: swollen part over four times as wide as the basal 1/3and distal I / 10 part, with a well-developed flange. Body pale olivc green to shiny dark olive green with a brown to black sclerotic patch covering most of the dorsum of the abdomen. On sprouts and subterranean parts. Rholao.silgto/nin. lahiyrp/ton. 2. SiphunCuli brown to pale yellow-green: if black, then siphunculi cylindrical; on most, siphunculi only slightly swollen on distal half. a. Body clongated. wedge-shaped. Largest of potato-infesting aphids. Body shades of green, pink, or yellow with a darker dorsal ridge. [lead with prominent, outward sloping antennal tubercles. l.egs long, antennae longer than body; siphunculi cylindrical, flared outward, about 1.25 times as longas the distance between their bases. Siphunculi light brown, sometimes with darkerapices. On leaves, stcms,and flowers. .1facro.ip/tium euphorhiae(Plate 85). b. Body ovoid or pear-shaped, antennal tubercles prominent and converging inward or with parallel sides. 1.) Body pear-shaped. globular. widest just ahead of siphunculi. flead with prominent parallel, straight-sided antennal tubercles. Siphunculi straight, with prominent dark flanges at tips. Body shiny light yellow green to dark green, sometimes brownish, usually with darker pigmented areas around base of siphunculi: legs and antennae with dark joints. On leaves and flowers. Aulacorth,o .oltani (Plate 861. 2.) Body ovoid, almost same width from thorax to base of siphunculi. then sides gently rounded to abruptly meet thecauda. Head with prominent in-pointed antennal tubercles. a.) Body deep pink, peach, yellowish, light green to almost colorless. Siphunculi same color as body with the tips darker; slightly swollen on apical half. Cauda short. On sprouts, foliage, and flowers. iaus persicae(Plate 87). b.) Body dull yellowish brown to greenish brown. Siphunculi same coloras body without the tips darker, swollen towards the apex. Cauda upturned, hardly visible from above. On sprouts. M v:us a.calo'tiCus. +
antennal tb l tuberce u antenna eye head -torax cuasiphunculus - abdomen Fig. 105. Parts necessary for identification of a wingless aphid. (Courtesy M.E. MacGillivray) Fig. 106. Outline of head region of wingless potato-infesting aphids showing shape of antennal tubercles. Left to right: Myzus persicae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphis nasturtii. (Courtesy M. E.MacGillivray) Because the potato plant atd its tubers are vulnerable to many diseases and pests, seed quality, as determined by relative freedom from these entities, is of major importance in potato production. This became apparent during the latter part of the 19th century when pests and disease organisms were disseminated in seed stocks that were allowed to move freely throughout the world during the rapid expansion of potato culture. Because of this seriously developing dilemma, the United States established the National Plant Quarantine Act of 1912. prohibiting the importation of potatoes infected with black wart (Stncht'irium endohioticum (Schilb.) Perc.), an embargo that is still in effect. An embargo preventing importation of potatoes from countries harboring powdery scab (Spongos)wora subterranea(Wallr.) Lagerh.) was enacted two %,earslater. / Seed Potato Certification nymphs, some of which may develop wings. Eventually, in later generations, most of the aphids will be winged and fly to herbaceous plants, weeds, and horticultural flowers or vegetables, including potatoes. ilere the winged forms deposit female nymphs that, when mature, produce additional females by parthenogenesis. in late summer, when the length of the night extends past II hours and night temperatures decrease, sexual morphs (males and oviparous females) are produced. Winged viviparous females usually fly to the overwintering host and deposit nymphs that develop into oviparous females. In the meantime, males (winged and wingless) arrive on the host plant and mate with the oviparous females, after which the fertilized eggs are deposited to complete the cycle. Eggs are pale green at first and later become shiny black. In mild cli. ates, sexual aphids and eggs do not occur, and parthenogenetic, viviparous females are produced throughout the year. Some species, such as Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and Aulacorthum solani, which normally overwinter as eggs in colder climates, survive as viviparous females in sheltered places such as greenhouse and storage cellars. Selected References BANZIGER, H. 1977. Keys for the identification of aphids (Homoptera). 11.Field identification of common wingless aphids of crops in Thailand. Dept. Agric. Minist. Agric. and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand, and UNDP FAO Th. A. 74/019. Plant Prot. BEEMSTER, Serv. Tech. Bull. 36:1-41. A. B. R.. and A. ROZENDAAL. 1972. Potato viruses: Properties and symptoms. P'ges 115-143. in: J. A. de Bokx, ed. Viruses of Potatoes and Seed-Potato Production. Pudoe, Wageningen. The Netherlands. 233 pp. COTTIER, W. 1953. Aphids of New Zealand. N.Z. Dep. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. 106. 382 pp. EASTOP, V. F. 1958. A study of the Aphidae (Hornoptera) Africa. of East Her Majesty's Stationer), Office, London. 126 pp. EASTOP. V. F. 1966. (Homoptera). A taxonomic Aust. study J. of Zool. Australian 14:399-592. Aphidoidea HILLE RIS LAMBERS, D.. and M. E. MacGILLIVRAY. 1959. Scientific names of potato-infesting aphids. Can. Entomol. 91:321-328. HOLMAN, J1.1974. Los dfidos de cuha. Inst. Cubano Del Libro, La Habana. 304 pp. KENNEDY, J. S., M. F. Day, and V. F. EASTOP. 1962. A conspectus of aphids as vectors of plant viruses. Commonw. Inst. Entomol., London. 114 pp. PRIOR, R. N. B., and J. R. MORRISON. 1977. Key for the field identification of brassica. potato and sugar beet aphids with photographic illustrations. Minist. Agricul. Fish. Food, London. (Prepared by M. E. MacGillivray) Origin of Seed Potato Certification in North America In 1904, while studying potato diseases in Europe at the request of the U.S. government, Professor L. R. Jones of Vermont observed seed improvement programs, he later persuaded Dr. W. A. Orton of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to visit Germany in 1911 to observe potato diseases and study the seed potato inspection program initiated by Dr. Otto Appel. On his return from Europe, Dr. Orton, with Dr. William Stuart of the USDA, developed a plan for the inspection and certification of potato seed stocks based upon the German system. During the next few years, they presented their proposal to growers, potato specialists, ad state agricultural experiment station officials and at the annual meetings of the American Phytopathological Society and the National Potato Association of America (now 103
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, ,. ,o . ; , . o , . r. , -' .L ,
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Compendium of Potato Diseases W. J.
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In memory ofimy respected colleague
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Acknowledgments Planning Committee
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Introduction 1 Potato Disease 1 The
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A potato disease is an interaction
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Fig. 1.A, Lower portion of young po
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+q I B Fig 4. Natural openings in a
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Part I. Disease in the Absence of I
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more heavily in the vascular region
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the air temperature when tubers are
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iiO A B 'D C Fiq. 14 Second growth:
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identifying tissue bruised by black
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Internal Sprouting multiple sprouts
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conditions permits normal leaf deve
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Epidemiology Oxidant injury is pres
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sevritof stnting, chiorosis. loss o
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Selected Reference brown to bronze
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Part II. Disease in the Presence of
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should be planted on land with at l
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Control I) Use disease-free tubers
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FOI-SO M. D, and I. A. FRIEDMAN. )9
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Fungi Powdery Scab liberating powde
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Histopathology Sort of sporangia de
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any time but generally occurs late
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'40 ff .. . '1 f . ."L', . '1 .,. "
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A \, 2) Powdery mildew is rarely a
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R., Inst.. Kew. Surrey. ngland. 609
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TORRES, H.. E. R. FRENCH, and I.. W
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d AC D A 0 Fig 53 Gray mold. A, Bot
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strands of pigmented hyphae. Sclero
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tuber malformation. Roots are also
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1. Giant-hill plants, taller than n
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13. Bacterial soft rot. Erwinia car
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24. Wart. Synchytrium endobioticum
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34. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
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44. Charcoal rot. Macrophomina phas
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55. Leafroll virus. Current season
Page 77 and 78: 67. Mop-top virus. Primary tuber 68
Page 79 and 80: 77. Aster yellows mycoplasma sympto
Page 81 and 82: Symptoms Small, localized, light br
Page 83 and 84: obovoid, and 14-30 X 5-10 pm. Pycni
Page 85 and 86: invaders through the IFusarium lesi
Page 87 and 88: necrosis extending into the tuber t
Page 89 and 90: do not survive drying. Both species
Page 91 and 92: cauisal. Tesis Magister Scientiae e
Page 93 and 94: penetration, and subsequent disease
Page 95 and 96: have been demonstrated, including t
Page 97 and 98: In P..floridana,strains of PVY" and
Page 99 and 100: infects certain comnie,-cial stocks
Page 101 and 102: cytoplasm of infected potato cells
Page 103 and 104: WETTER, C. 1971. Potato virus S. No
Page 105 and 106: 3) Resistance has not been identifi
Page 107 and 108: nm), which do code for coat protein
Page 109 and 110: Symptoms AMV may induce Other predo
Page 111 and 112: Disease Cycle I)escriptions of Plan
Page 113 and 114: Selected References KASSANIS, B. 19
Page 115 and 116: Control 1)Avoid locations in wkhich
Page 117 and 118: The "yellows" types of disease, cha
Page 119 and 120: modifying cultural practices and by
Page 121 and 122: immature females in the white or ye
Page 123 and 124: l.aboratory, Control. and Quarantin
Page 125 and 126: They attack many major crops in the
Page 127: infested areas of North America sev
Page 131 and 132: carbon tetrachloride, applied at th
Page 133 and 134: Diagnostic Microbial Structures Scl
Page 135 and 136: Surface and or interior Shades of g
Page 137 and 138: Equivalent Names of Potato Diseases
Page 139 and 140: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 141 and 142: Common Name Causal Factor Other Nam
Page 143 and 144: coalesce-union of similar structure
Page 145 and 146: many days following removal of the
Page 147 and 148: Index Abrasions, tuber surfaces. 14
Page 149: Irost tolerance in. 9 aniligena. 68
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