Training course on energy efficiency in SMEs - engine-sme.eu

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7. Motor sizing Motors may be driven much higher, lower or more variable than for which they were first specified – and this causes losses. It may not always be economically feasible to simply buy a replacement motor for the sole reason of higher motor efficiency, however, when they need repairing it is strongly recommended not to repair these motors but to buy high efficiency ones. www.engine-sme.eu In practice most motors are only 65% loaded However, the first step in performance optimisation is the characterisation of the process load to determine its magnitude, duration and variability by hour and season. In the next step the motor size will be adjusted to the requirements. Modern motors are generally designed for maximum efficiency at 75 per cent full load. Between 50-100 per cent load there is only a small variation in motor efficiency.
7. Motor sizing It has been engineering practice not to specify the absolute minimum power requirements for a system, and various contingencies are allowed for. This can result in over sizing of motors. The diagram graphically demonstrates this issue of ‘contingency’. 7.5 kW 8.5 kW 9.1kW Basic duty requirement 11kW www.engine-sme.eu Increase to nearest available rating 10% contingency by project engineer 10% contingency by equipment designer
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Training c
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Overview Energy Data Typical consum
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Characteristics Energy intense indu
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Euro per GJ Energy price trends -GA
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Contents of EN 16001 … standard f
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Energy Policy www.engine-sme.eu
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Formalised approach 1. Discuss the
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2/10. Clarify the process At an ear
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4/10. Inviting staff to participate
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6/10. Energy Policy - content • C
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Example Energy Policy SCA HYGIENE P
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8/10. Final Energy Policy The proje
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10/10. Updating the policy The ener
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The initial review The goal of the
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Step by step process The initial re
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Define operating conditions The eff
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Human factors Beside the technical
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Data source: Invoices Invoices pres
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Calculating data - options • To i
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Data source: Measurements The first
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Meter requirements • Make sure th
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EXAMPLE Data preparation The follow
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EXAMPLE Absolute and relative indic
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Input-Output analysis Input Output
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Flow chart With the data collected
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Analysis and interpretation Current
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Legal Obligations www.engine-sme.eu
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Legal obligations STEPS 1. Decide w
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Energy Programme www.engine-sme.eu
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Establish the procedure Within the
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Gathering proposals There are 2 use
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Improvement proposals on site Staff
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Cost Benefit Diagram Field A has th
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Scoring system Another efficient pr
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Scoring system 3. Assessment - Each
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Financial assessment 1. Static inve
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Static methods The costs of an inve
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Implementation of proposals In prac
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Identification of savings Apportion
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The Energy Programme If tasks are v
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Resources, Roles and Responsibiliti
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Energy Manager & Energy Team The to
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The Energy Team Members of the ener
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Resources • timetable • budget
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Awareness raising In the area of in
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Top management Top management must
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Provide necessary information The i
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Data, indicators and performance
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Possibilities to reduce losses Gene
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Awareness raising Awareness is the
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Staff participation - Check 1. What
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Communication Data about the Energy
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Methods 1. Indicators 2. Informatio
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Information in text form In 2003 th
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Information in graphs MWh 10000 800
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The communication network For each
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Structure of an Energy report Execu
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EM System documentation The primary
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Document control • Date stamped (
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4.4.5 Control of documents 1. Docum
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Operational control As a rule of th
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Energy Monitoring www.engine-sme.eu
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... gives information Before energy
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Core areas When setting up an energ
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Results An energy monitoring asks f
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Electricity Company Energy monitori
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Natural gas In some countries, e.g.
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Results 1: Energy consumption Energ
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Results 3: Average energy costs Ene
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Evaluation of Compliance www.engine
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Register of compliance Relevant act
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Nonconformity, corrective and preve
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Control of Records www.engine-sme.e
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Records needed • Training
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Document control • Revision Dates
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General requirements for all record
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Internal Audit www.engine-sme.eu
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Areas to cover within an audit The
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2. Energy data • Data is classifi
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4. Energy team • In larger organi
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6. Energy programme • The improve
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8. Legal obligations • There is a
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10. Energy intensive areas • Ener
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12. Maintenance • Energy intensiv
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14. Training • T
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16. EM System documentation • The
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The audit team • The members of t
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EXAMPLE Audit Overview Office Produ
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Audit procedure 1. The Audit team m
Page 179 and 180: Review by top management Top manage
Page 181 and 182: Compressed Air www.engine-sme.eu
Page 183 and 184: Checking the efficiency Since poor
Page 185 and 186: Analysis & calculation - 12 steps T
Page 187 and 188: Step 2: Measure the consumption of
Page 189 and 190: Step 4: Compare the specific energy
Page 191 and 192: Step 5: Calculating losses from lea
Page 193 and 194: Step 5: Calculating losses from lea
Page 195 and 196: EXAMPLE - Calculating losses from l
Page 197 and 198: Step 6: Calculating the effective p
Page 199 and 200: Step 7: Calculate pressure in distr
Page 201 and 202: Step 8: Loss of pressure through sy
Page 203 and 204: Step 10: Decrease of efficiency thr
Page 205 and 206: Step 12: Choosing the off-load/ on-
Page 207 and 208: EXAMPLE - track the efficiency . da
Page 209 and 210: EXAMPLE - wast heat: track the effi
Page 211 and 212: Electric Motors www.engine-sme.eu
Page 213 and 214: Life-time facts • Almost half of
Page 215 and 216: Main components The following compo
Page 217 and 218: Losses in a motor system The main p
Page 219 and 220: Motor applications The following ap
Page 221 and 222: 1. Switch it off The simplest metho
Page 223 and 224: Permitted starts/hour 1. Switch it
Page 225 and 226: 2. Reducing motor load There is lit
Page 227 and 228: 4. Use motor control systems Variab
Page 229: 6. Reconnect to STAR ‘STAR’ con
Page 233 and 234: Calculating the energy consumption
Page 239 and 240: EXAMPLE Calculating annual costs Mo
Page 241 and 242: Example: Comparing investment and r
Page 243 and 244: EXAMPLE Comparing HEF and normal mo
Page 245 and 246: Heating systems This module focuses
Page 247 and 248: Losses in a heating system As a rul
Page 249 and 250: Heat source and boiler • Oil boil
Page 251 and 252: Tube systems Heat in the form of ho
Page 253 and 254: Controls Controls allow you to regu
Page 255 and 256: Fuels Today fossil fuels such as oi
Page 257 and 258: Calculating running costs for heati
Page 259 and 260: Step 1: Identify heated area Identi
Page 261 and 262: Step 3: Develop an indicator All yo
Page 263 and 264: Reducing energy consumption Reducin
Page 265 and 266: B. Energy optimisation with simple
Page 267 and 268: Reduce room temperature at specifie
Page 269 and 270: Decrease heat losses through window
Page 271 and 272: Reduce boiler temperatures Hot wate
Page 273 and 274: Adjust preflux temperatures correct
Page 275 and 276: Adjust thermostat valves Make sure
Page 277 and 278: Check frost detection devices Check
Page 279 and 280: Hydraulic regulation of the heating
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Losses caused by emitted heat in ex
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Distribution losses During operatio
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Humidity and its influence on comfo
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Reduce costs by changing fuels and
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Lighting www.engine-sme.eu
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Lighting facts Lighting can be a bi
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a. Single rooms The lighting system
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c. Direct and indirect lighting Dir
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Light yield lm/W Life time hour Pur
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Requirements for illumination Illum
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Evenness of lighting Type of work E
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Evaluating costs for lighting It is
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Step 2 - Identify annual operating
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Making energy savings 1. First, foc
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Use of daylight Staff sometimes for
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Reduce lighting level Daylight cont
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Interiors and colours When decorati
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Use control systems Control systems
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Ventilation systems This module wil
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Background information Traditionall
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Background information There are di
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Natural ventilation There are many
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Ventilation rates The quantity of v
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Facts The amount of energy consumed
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Components A ventilation system con
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Efficiency of fans Fan connections
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Specific Fan Power There are now st
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Air-cleaning and filtration systems
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Electric heating batteries An elect
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Heat recovery systems In a ventilat
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Control systems Ideally, buildings
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Evaluating the energy consumption E
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Evaluating the energy consumption A
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Example - energy consumption B. Bas
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Making energy savings The energy us
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Example Ventilation rates Office bu
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Example Ventilation rates Office bu
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Energy savings - 4. Use of control
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Summary Industrial ventilation gene
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Training course on energy efficiency in SMEs - engine-sme.eu

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