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96 Corrosion Control Through Organic Coatings by the fact that, as the chromium concentration in the blasting debris increased, the TCLP chromium concentration also increased. • The authors noted that the sequential acid leaching found in their testing was much more harsh than concrete is likely to experience in the field; however, it does hint that stabilization of toxic metals with portland cement will work only as long as the concrete has not broken down. 5.4.3 PROBLEMS WITH ALUMINUM IN CONCRETE Not all metals can be treated with portland cement alone; aluminum in particular can be a problem. Khosla and Leming [31] investigated treatment of spent abrasive containing both lead and aluminum by portland cement. They found that aluminum particles corroded rapidly in the moist, alkaline environment of the concrete, forming hydrogen gas. The gas caused the concrete to expand and become porous, decreasing both its strength and durability. No feasible rapid-set (to avoid expansion) or slow-set (to allow for corrosion of the aluminum while the concrete was still plastic) was found in this study. (Interestingly, the amount of lead leaching was below the EPA limit despite the poor strength of the concrete.) However, Berke and colleagues [32] found that calcium nitrate was effective at delaying and reducing the corrosion of aluminum in concrete. 5.4.4 TRIALS WITH PORTLAND CEMENT STABILIZATION In Finland, an on-site trial has been conducted of stabilization of blasting debris with portland cement. The Koria railroad bridge, approximately 100 m long and 125 years old, was blasted with quartz sand. The initial amount of debris was 150 tons. This debris was run through a negative-pressure cyclone and then sieved to separate the debris into four classes. The amount of ‘‘problem debris” — defined in this pilot project as debris containing more than 60 mg of water-soluble heavy metals per kilogram debris —remaining after the separation processes was only 2.5 tons. This was incorporated into the concrete for bottom plates at the local disposal facility [33]. The U.S. Navy has investigated ways to reduce slag abrasive disposal costs in shipyards and found two methods that are both economically and technically feasible: reusing the abrasive and stabilizing spent abrasive in concrete. In this investigation, copper slag abrasive picked up a significant amount of organic contamination (paint residue), making it unsuitable for portland cement concrete, for which strength is a requirement. It was noted, however, that the contaminated abrasive would be suitable in asphalt concrete [34]. 5.5 OTHER FILLER USES Blasting debris can also be incorporated as filler into asphalt and bricks. Very little is reported in the literature about these uses, in particular which chemical forms the heavy metals take, how much leaching occurs, and how permanent the whole arrangement is. In Norway, one company, Per Vestergaard Handelsselkab, has reported sales of spent blasting media for filler in asphalt since 1992 and for filler © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Abrasive Blasting and Heavy-Metal Contamination 97 in brick since 1993. They report that variations in the quality (i.e., contamination levels) of the debris have been a problem [35]. REFERENCES 1. Trimber, K., Industrial Lead Paint Removal Handbook, SSPC Publication 93-02, Steel Structures Painting Council, Pittsburgh, PA, 1993, 152. 2. Appleman, B.R., Bridge paint: Removal, containment, and disposal, Report 175, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 1992. 3. Harris, J. and Fleming, J., Testing lead paint blast residue to pre-determine waste classification, in Lead Paint Removal From Industrial Structures, Steel Structures Painting Council, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989, 62. 4. Salt, B. et al., Recycling contaminated spent blasting abrasives in portland cement mortars using solidification/stabilization technology, Report CTR 0-1315-3F, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, 1995. 5. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods, 3rd ed., EPA Publication SW-846, GPO doc. no. 955-001-00000-1, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1993, Appendix II-Method 1311. 6. Drozdz, S., Race, T. and Tinklenburg, K., J. Prot. Coat. Linings, 17, 41, 2000. 7. Tapscott, R.E., Blahut, G.A. and Kellogg, S.H., Plastic media blasting waste treatments, Report ESL-TR-88-122, Engineering and Service Laboratory, Air Force Engineering and Service Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL, 1988. 8 Jermyn, H. and Wichner, R.P., Plastic media blasting (PMB) waste treatment technology, in Proc. Air and Waste Management Conference, Air and Waste Management Association, Vancouver, 1991, Paper 91-10-18 9. Boy, J. H., Rice, T.D. and Reinbold, K.A. Investigation of separation, treatment, and recycling options for hazardous paint blast media waste, USACERL Technical Report 96/51, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL, 1996. 10. Bernecki, T.F., et al., Issues impacting bridge painting: An overview, FHWA/RD/ 94/098, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, 1995. 11. Smith, L., oral presentation, Sixth Annual Conference on Lead Paint Removal and Abatement, Steel Structures Painting Council, Pittsburgh, PA, 1993. 12. U.S.A. Federal Register, Vol. 60, No. 41, National Archive and Record Administration, Washington D.C., 1995. 13. Hock, V. et al., Demonstration of lead-based paint removal and chemical stabilization using blastox, Technical Report 96/20, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL, 1996. 14. Bhatty, M., Fixation of metallic ions in portland cement, in Proc. National Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials, Washington DC, 1987, p. 140-145. 15. Komarneni, S., Roy, D. and Roy, R., Cement Concrete Res., 12, 773, 1982. 16. Komarneni, S., Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage., 5, 247, 1985. 17. Komarneni, S. et al., Cement Concrete Res., 18, 204, 1988. 18. Conner, J.R., Chemical Fixation and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group,
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Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite
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Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
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Preface This book has been written
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Author Amy Forsgren received her ch
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Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ...
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2.4.2 Reactive Reagents ...........
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6.2.4.1 Alkaline Blistering........
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1 Introduction This book is not abo
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Introduction 3 • A dissolution pr
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Introduction 5 1.2.2 ELECTROLYTIC R
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Introduction 7 to the metal is a ne
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Introduction 9 9. Thomas. N.L., Pro
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12 Corrosion Control Through Organi
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Page 81 and 82: 4 Blast Cleaning and Other Heavy Su
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