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Corrosion Testing — Practice 145 Exponerat prov FIGURE 8.6 Example of AFM imaging. Photo courtesy of SCI. FIGURE 8.7 Example of AFM imaging. Photo courtesy of SCI. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 µm X 0.200 µm/div Z 200.000 nm/div 0 6.00 µm 0 6.00 µm Data type Height Z range 50.0 nm 1 ec2401a.197 Exponerat prov © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Data type Phase Z range 90.0 de
146 Corrosion Control Through Organic Coatings Absorbance 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 −0.01 FIGURE 8.8 Example of FTIR fingerprinting. Photo courtesy of SCI. The most important FTIR techniques include: • Attenuated total reflectance (ATR), in which a sample is placed in close contact with the ATR crystal. ATR is excellent on smooth surfaces that do not degrade during the test. • Diffuse internal reflectance (DRIFT). DRIFT uses potassium bromide pellets for sample preparation and, therefore, has certain limitations in use with hygroscopic materials. • Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). In PAS, the sample surface absorbs radiation, heats up, and gives rise to thermal waves. These cause pressure variations in the surrounding gas, which are transmitted to a microphone — hence the acoustic signal [32]. 8.2.6.4 Electron Spectroscopy 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber(cm−1 ) Electron spectroscopy is a type of chemical analysis in which a surface is bombarded with particles or irradiated with photons so that electrons are emitted from it [26, 33]. Broadly speaking, different elements emit electrons in slightly different ways; so an analysis of the patterns of electrons emitted — in particular, the kinetic energy of the electron in the spectrometer and the energy required to knock it off the atom (binding energy) — can help identify the atoms present in the sample. There are several types of electron spectroscopy techniques, each differing in their irradiation sources. The one most important to coatings research, XPS (or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis [ESCA]), uses monochromatic x-rays. XPS can identify elements (except hydrogen and helium) located in the top 1 to 2 Nm of a surface [2, 26, 33]. It can also yield some information about oxidation states because the binding energy of an electron is somewhat affected by the atoms around © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group,
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Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite
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Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
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Preface This book has been written
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Author Amy Forsgren received her ch
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Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ...
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2.4.2 Reactive Reagents ...........
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6.2.4.1 Alkaline Blistering........
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1 Introduction This book is not abo
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Introduction 3 • A dissolution pr
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Introduction 5 1.2.2 ELECTROLYTIC R
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Introduction 7 to the metal is a ne
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Introduction 9 9. Thomas. N.L., Pro
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12 Corrosion Control Through Organi
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4 Blast Cleaning and Other Heavy Su
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Blast Cleaning and Other Heavy Surf
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5 Abrasive Blasting and Heavy-Metal
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Abrasive Blasting and Heavy-Metal C
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