world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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Region Deaths due to % of total deaths Years of life lost due to % of total years of<br />
tobacco use (1,000s) (all causes) tobacco use (1,000s) life lost (all causes)<br />
Established market economies 1,286 14.9 11,607 21.2<br />
Former socialist economies of Europe 1,101 22.7 10,072 26.3<br />
India 1,523 13.3 18,183 12.0<br />
China 2,229 16.0 23,418 18.0<br />
Other Asian countries and islands 681 8.8 7,475 7.7<br />
Sub-Saharan Africa 298 2.9 3,945 1.7<br />
Latin America and the Caribbean 447 9.4 4,888 8.8<br />
Middle East 817 12.3 9,477 9.2<br />
World 8,383 12.3 88,129 10.3<br />
Developed regions 2,387 17.7 20,742 23.4<br />
Developing regions 5,996 10.9 67,386 8.7<br />
Table 4.2 The estimated burden of mortality attributable to tobacco use in 2020. Numbers of deaths and years of life lost due to tobacco use are shown. These<br />
figures are also expressed as a percentage of the total numbers of deaths and years of life lost from all causes.<br />
areas include pricing, smuggling, tax-free<br />
products, advertising and sponsorship,<br />
the Internet, test methods, package<br />
design and labelling, agriculture and information<br />
sharing. These topics partly overlap<br />
with those necessary for any national<br />
tobacco control legislation, particularly<br />
actions to limit supply, including those calculated<br />
to modify the product and limit its<br />
availability or by modifying people's attitudes<br />
[11]. In respect of affecting supply,<br />
and apart from banning the product,<br />
options include modifying the composition<br />
of tobacco and in particular setting limits<br />
for selected constituents (tar content),<br />
changing the presentation (information<br />
provided, health warning, generic packaging),<br />
controlling advertising and sales promotion,<br />
and increasing the price paid by<br />
consumers through taxation. So far as<br />
demand is concerned, steps may be taken<br />
to restrict smoking in public places and at<br />
the workplace, to prevent youth from<br />
smoking and to make health education<br />
compulsory. Elements of legislation of<br />
special importance for young people<br />
130 Prevention and screening<br />
include restriction of advertising, banning<br />
of smoking in schools and other places<br />
where children and adolescents congregate<br />
and, finally, educating children.<br />
Approaches to control of tobacco-related<br />
<strong>cancer</strong> can be divided between those<br />
directed towards health protection and<br />
those acting through health promotion.<br />
Health protection<br />
Health protection approaches have been<br />
effective in reducing tobacco consumption<br />
in many countries. A 1% increase in<br />
the price of tobacco products is followed<br />
by a 0.5-0.8% decrease in sales. Tax<br />
increases that raise the real price of cigarettes<br />
by 10% are considered to reduce<br />
smoking by about 4% in high-income countries<br />
and by about 8% in other countries.<br />
Furthermore, increasing taxes on tobacco<br />
products is easy to implement. However,<br />
this measure can be seen as a “tax on the<br />
poor”, in view of the increasing prevalence<br />
of smoking with lower social class (Fig.<br />
4.2). Reducing subsidies for tobacco<br />
growing is an approach complementary to<br />
increasing taxes. Subsidies for tobacco<br />
growing are very important: for example,<br />
in 1990, the European Union spent more<br />
than 700 million pounds sterling for this<br />
purpose, as compared to slightly more<br />
than 5 million pounds for tobacco control<br />
initiatives. In many developing countries,<br />
tobacco yields a higher net income for the<br />
producer than most food crops.<br />
Restrictions in sales of tobacco products<br />
concern mainly the youth. The rationale<br />
for this is that most smokers take up their<br />
habit before age 18. Restrictions may<br />
include a complete ban of sales, a ban of<br />
automatic vending machines, and banning<br />
free distribution of tobacco products.<br />
Promotion of a tobacco-free environment<br />
has focused on hospitals and other health<br />
services, schools, workplaces, as well as<br />
different public settings. Separate spaces<br />
for smokers are often provided; sometimes<br />
a workplace ban only concerns<br />
areas where clients or the public are present.<br />
The strongest resistance against any<br />
restriction often comes from owners and<br />
managers of settings receiving the public,