world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survival rates after<br />
diagnosis of leukaemia.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. Freireich EJ, Lemak N (1991) Milestones in Leukemia<br />
Research and Therapy, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins<br />
University Press.<br />
2. IARC (2000) Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: X- and Gamma<br />
Radiation and Neutrons (IARC Monographs on the<br />
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 75),<br />
Lyon, IARCPress.<br />
3. Noshchenko AG, Moysich KB, Bondar A, Zamostyan<br />
PV, Drosdova VD, Michalek AM (2001) Patterns of acute<br />
leukaemia occurrence among children in the Chernobyl<br />
region. Int J Epidemiol, 30: 125-129.<br />
4. IARC (2002) Non-ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and<br />
Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic<br />
Fields (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of<br />
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 80), Lyon, IARCPress.<br />
5. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW, eds (2001)<br />
World Health Organization Classification of Tumours.<br />
Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and<br />
Lymphoid Tissues, Lyon, IARCPress.<br />
6. Farhi DC, Rosenthal NS (2000) Acute lymphoblastic<br />
leukemia. Clin Lab Med, 20: 17-28, vii.<br />
7. Estey EH (2001) Therapeutic options for acute myelogenous<br />
leukemia. Cancer, 92: 1059-1073.<br />
8. Alcalay M, Orleth A, Sebastiani C, Meani N,<br />
Chiaradonna F, Casciari C, Sciurpi MT, Gelmetti V, Riganelli<br />
ST-571, α-interferon and arabinosyl cytosine,<br />
a chemotherapeutic agent, can produce<br />
complete cytogenetic remissions, prevention<br />
of blastic transformation and significant<br />
prolongation of survival, with a small<br />
fraction of patients being cured. However,<br />
the development of resistance to ST-571<br />
may cause patients to relapse within a few<br />
months [14]. Without treatment, the life<br />
span for the average individual with chronic<br />
lymphocytic leukaemia is under five<br />
years from diagnosis. The treatment for<br />
this disease historically was with alkylating<br />
agents. Recently the purine antimetabolite,<br />
fludarabine, has substantially increased the<br />
frequency and the quality of response to<br />
chemotherapy. A new monoclonal antibody<br />
directed against the T-cell antigen, CD52<br />
D, Minucci S, Fagioli M, Pelicci PG (2001) Common themes<br />
in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene,<br />
20: 5680-5694.<br />
9. Faderl S, Talpaz M, Estrov Z, Kantarjian HM (1999)<br />
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: biology and therapy. Ann<br />
Intern Med, 131: 207-219.<br />
10. Keating MJ, O'Brien S (2000) Conventional management<br />
of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In: Foa R,<br />
Hoffbrand, AV eds, Reviews in Clinical and Experimental<br />
Haematology, 118-133.<br />
11. Brenner MK, Pinkel D (1999) Cure of leukemia. Semin<br />
Hematol, 36: 73-83.<br />
12. Pui C-H, Campana D, Evans WE (2001) Childhood<br />
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - current status and future<br />
perspectives. Lancet Oncology, 2: 597-607.<br />
13. Kantarjian HM, O'Brien S, Smith TL, Cortes J, Giles FJ,<br />
Beran M, Pierce S, Huh Y, Andreeff M, Koller C, Ha CS,<br />
Keating MJ, Murphy S, Freireich EJ (2000) Results of treatment<br />
with hyper-CVAD, a dose-intensive regimen, in adult<br />
acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol, 18: 547-561.<br />
14. McCormick F (2001) New-age drug meets resistance.<br />
Nature, 412: 281-282.<br />
(“CAMPATH”), has been found to be highly<br />
effective in this disease. At the present<br />
time, combinations of antimetabolite, alkylating<br />
agents and monoclonal antibody in<br />
various combinations and sequences are<br />
being aggressively investigated and the<br />
prognosis for patients in this category of<br />
disease has substantially improved.<br />
Generally, 60-70% of patients with acute<br />
lymphoblastic leukaemia, and 20-30% of<br />
patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (Fig.<br />
5.118) survive in excess of five years.<br />
Approximately 30-50% of the patients diagnosed<br />
with chronic leukaemias survive five<br />
years. Survival is much poorer in developing<br />
countries (generally