world cancer report - iarc

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Comprehensive Cancer Centres, 317 Connexins, 111 Cooking oil vapours, 41 Cowden syndrome, 72, 199, 268 COX-1, 152, 153 COX-2, 152, 153 Creosotes, 35 Crotonaldehyde, 25 Cryptorchidism, 273 Crystalline silica, 33, 38, 137 Cutanous angiofibroma (adenoma sebaceum), 268 Cyclin A, 206 Cyclin D, 101, 105-108, 206, 219, 225, 230 Cyclin E, 107, 196 Cyclin-dependent kinases, 105 Cyclophosphamide, 49, 68, 69, 186, 219, 222, 229, 240, 241, 243, 282, 286, 289 CYP2E1, see Cytochrome P450 Cytarabine, 245, 282, 283, 286 Cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), 30, 44, 90 Cytokines, 54 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 288 D Daunorubicin, see anthracyclines DCC, 85, 196, 199, 219, 267 DcR3, 287 Diabetes, 251 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene , 35 Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, 25 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, 25 Dichlorobenzene, 85 1,2-Dichloroethane, 138 Diesel engine exhaust, 34, 37, 138 Diet, 62, 79, 88, 151, 154, 176, 184, 189, 194, 198, 209, 220, 233, 248, 258, 307, 313, 321 Dietary fibre, 64, 118, 153, 199, 248 Diethyl sulfate, 35 Diethylstilbestrol, 48, 49, 212, 216 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 69, 239, 240 Digital rectal examination, 161 Dimethyl sulfate, 35 Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, 35 Dimethylphosphate, 139 Dioxins, 42, 46, 69 DNA adducts, 45 DNA damage, 44, 53, 59, 71, 73, 89, 91, 93, 100, 107, 114, 115, 277, 279 DNA hypomethylation, 85, 199 DNA ligase, 93 DNA mismatch repair, 93, 94, 250 DNA repair, 54, 71, 86, 89, 96, 99, 100, 102, 107, 185, 201, 234, 277, 285 Docetaxel, see taxanes Dose-response, 24, 68, 128, 277 Doxorubicin, see anthracyclines DPC4, 120, 250 DR5, 99 Drug combinations, 48, 186, 217, 244, 281, 284, 285, 323 Drug resistance, 219, 247, 256, 263, 281, 282, 285 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 190 Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos), 268 Dysplastic naevus syndrome, 254 E E2F transcription factor, 105, 107 E6 protein, 150 E7 protein, 150 EBV, see Epstein-Barr virus EGF, 191 EGFR, 123, 191, 225-227, 266 Electromagnetic fields, 51, 53, 243 Endometrial cancer, 48, 49, 62, 66, 73, 76, 85, 215, 218, 291 Endoscopy, 164, 195, 200, 226, 228, 274 Environmental pollution, 39, 135 Environmental tobacco smoke, 22, 25, 27, 34, 37, 41, 128, 134, 139, 182, 310 Ependymoma, 266, 268 Epichlorohydrin, 35 Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 191 Epstein-Barr virus, 56, 57, 59, 68-70, 232-234, 237, 238 ERBB2, 97, 120, 186, 220, 291 Erythroplakia, 173 Essential drugs list, 286 Estrogen derivatives, 58 Estrogen receptor, 48, 78, 153, 191, 291 Estrogen therapy, 49 Estrogens, 49, 85, 209 Ethics, 74, 221, 272, 300, 322, 324 Ethylene oxide, 34 Etoposide, 48-50, 186, 214, 222, 241, 243, 282, 283, 286 Ewing’s,sarcomas, 284 Excision repair, 92 Extracellular matrix, 123 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), 117 F FAC, 72 Faecal occult blood test, 163, 165, 200 Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 72, 99, 153, 164, 200, 201, 250, 273 Familial atypical mole syndrome, 254 Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM), 251 Familial breast cancer, 190, 273 Familial ovarian cancer, 273 Familial pancreatic cancer, 251 Familial predisposition, 85 FAMMM, 251 Fanconi anaemia, 72 FAP, see Familial adenomatous polyposis Fas, 54, 115, 116, 226, 287, 288 Fas Ligand (Fas-L), 54, 287, 290 FHIT, 186, 225, 226 Subject index 345
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117 Fibroma, 268 Fine particles, 39 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 197, 206, 251, 263, 282, 283, 285, 286 FOBT test, 165 Folic acid, 65, 281 Follicular lymphoma, 239 Food additives, 64 Food contaminants, 43, 56, 63, 204, 224 Food preparation, 43, 46 Formaldehyde, 25, 35 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 308 Fruit, 30, 46, 62-64, 151, 154, 175, 184, 189, 194, 198, 223, 233, 307 Fusarium, 44, 224 G G>A transitions, 94 G>T transversions, 94 Gamma radiation, 53 Gap junctional communication, 110 Gap junctions, 109 Gastric atrophy, 61 Gastric cancer, see stomach cancer Gastritis, 58, 60, 61, 63, 175, 176, 194, 195 Gene therapy, 111, 287, 289 Gene-environment interactions, 74, 90, 230 Genetic background, 219 Genetic instability, 96, 196 Genetic susceptibility, 71 Genomic instability, 58, 95, 107, 285 Genotoxic, 46, 84, 89, 91, 100 Germ cell tumours, 212, 213, 220, 221, 265, 267, 281 Germline mutation, 71 Glial hamartias, 268 Glioblastoma, 266-268, 278, 281, 295 Glioma, 120 Global Strategy for Cancer Reduction, 326 Globocan 2000, 14 Glutathione transferase, 44 Gonadotrophins, 85 Gorlin syndrome, 72, 268 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 187, 289 Growth factor receptor-bound protein (GRB), 117 Growth factors, 60, 79, 97, 109, 115, 117, 122, 123, 250 H H. pylori, see Helicobacter pylori HAART therapy, 70 Haemangiosarcoma, 138, 268 Haematuria, 139 Haemochromatosis, 204 Hamartoma, 268 HBV-X protein, 44 Head and neck cancer, 25, 27, 29, 60, 232, 236, 284 Heat shock proteins, 191 346 Subject index Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 12, 57-59, 63, 175, 195, 196, 238, 240 Heparanase, 122 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), see hepatitis Hepatitis C virus (HCV), see hepatitis Hepatitis vaccination, 56, 144, 206, 307, 314, 321 Hepatitis, 12, 34, 37, 43-45, 56, 57, 59, 102, 144, 203, 204, 206, 307, 315, 321 Hepatocellular carcinoma, see liver cancer Hepatolithiasis, 87 HER2 (neu), 250 Herceptin, 291 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), 93, 95, 200, 201, 218, 250, 251, 273 Hereditary pancreatitis, 251 Herpesvirus 8, 68 Heterocyclic amines, 43, 46 HHR23B, 92 HHV-8, see human herpes virus-8 Histone H3, 191 HIV, see human immunodeficiency virus hMLH1, 73, 94, 199, 219, 250, 251, 268, hMSH2, 73, 94, 199 hMSH6, 73, 94 HNPCC, 251, 273 Hodgkin disease, 68, 240, 278, 281, see also lymphoma Hormonal therapy, 48, 222, 291 Hormone replacement therapy, 77 Hot beverages, 224 hPMS2, 94, 199 HPV, see human papillomavirus H-RAS, 54 HTLV-1, 57, 59 Human Genome Project, 101, 287, 324 Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), 57-59, 68 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 57, 60, 68, 70, 216, 217, 238 Human leucocyte antigen, 234 Human papillomavirus vaccination, 68, 148 Human papillomavirus, 12, 56-58, 59, 60, 68, 148-150, 167, 170, 216, 217, 233 Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, 57, 238 Hydroxyurea, 283 Hypoxia, 98, 119 I IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, 152 IARC Monographs, 33 IARC, 315 IGF-I, IGF-II, see insulin-like growth factors IL-10, 290 Immune escape, 287 Immunodeficiency, 68 Immunosuppression, 54, 61, 68, 70, 237 Immunotherapy, 287 Imprinting, 213 Indomethacin, 152
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
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treatment of cancer. The problems l
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duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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