world cancer report - iarc

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Dr Rudolf Kaaks Hormones and Cancer Group International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8553 Fax: +33 4 7273 8361 kaaks@iarc.fr [Reproductive factors and hormones] Dr Keiichi Kawai Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and Yukawa Gastroenterological Hospital 2-10-2 Dogashiba-cho Tennnoji-ku, Osaka Japan Fax: +81 6 6628 4707 [Stomach cancer prevention and screening] Dr Ausrele Kesminiene Unit of Radiation and Cancer International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8662 Fax: +33 4 7272 8054 kesminiene@iarc.fr [Thyroid cancer] Dr Greg Kirk Viral Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute 6120 Executive Boulevard EPS - 8003, MSC 7248 Rockville, MD 20852 USA Tel: +1 301 496 8115 Fax: +1 301 402 0817 kirkg@mail.nih.gov [HBV vaccination and liver cancer] Dr Paul Kleihues Director International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8577 Fax: +33 4 7273 8564 kleihues@iarc.fr [Tumours of the nervous system] Dr Stener Kvinnsland International Union Against Cancer (UICC) 3, rue du Conseil-Général CH-1205 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +47 5597 6300 Fax: +47 5597 2046 skvi@haukeland.no [UICC] Dr René Lambert International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8499 Fax: + 33 4 7273 8650 lambert@iarc.fr [Colorectal cancer, Colorectal cancer screening] Dr Françoise Le Deist Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génétique, INSERM U 429 Hôpital Necker EM 149 Rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris France Tel: +33 1 4449 5088 Fax: +33 1 4273 0640 ledeist@necker.fr [Gene therapy] Dr J. Norelle Lickiss Sydney Institute of Palliative Medicine Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Missenden Road Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia Tel: +61 2 9515 6111 Fax: +61 2 9515 7464 norelle@pal.cs.nsw.gov.au [Palliative care] Dr Julian Little Epidemiology Group Department of Medicine and Therapeutics University of Aberdeen Foresterhill House Annexe Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD UK Tel: +44 1224 554 485 Fax: +44 1224 849 153 j.little@abdn.ac.uk [Cervical cancer screening] Dr Guy Maddern University of Adelaide Department of Surgery The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woodville Road, Woodville, SA 5011 Australia Tel: +61 8 8222 6756 Fax: +61 8 8222 6563 guy.maddern@.adelaide.edu.au [Surgical oncology] Dr Norio Matsukura First Department of Surgery Nippon Medical School 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8603 Japan Tel: +81 3 3822 2131 (Ext 6767) Fax: +81 3 5685 0989 matsun@nms.ac.jp [Stomach cancer] Dr Heidi K. Mattock International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8429 Fax: +33 4 7273 8022 heidimattock@yahoo.com Dr William H. McCarthy Sydney Melanoma Unit Level 3, Gloucester House Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia Tel: + 61 2 9515 6060 Fax: + 61 2 9515 6060 bill@mel.rpa.cs.nsw.gov.au [Melanoma] Dr Anthony B. Miller Division of Clinical Epidemiology German Cancer Research Centre Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany Tel: +49 6221 42 2202 Fax: +49 6221 42 2203 a.miller@dkfz-heidelberg.de [Cancer control: a global perspective] Contributors 331
Georgia Moore Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Environmental Health 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E19 Atlanta, GA 30341 USA Tel: +1 404 498 1812 Fax: +1 404 498 1313 gbm7@cdc.gov [CDC] Dr Nubia Muñoz International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France nubia@iarc.fr [Infectious agents, HPV vaccination] Dr M. Krishnan Nair Director Regional Cancer Institute Medical College Campus Thiruvanthapuram 695 011 Kerala India Tel: +91 471 442541 Fax: +91 471 447454 [Cancer control: a global perspective] Dr Craig R. Nichols Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology Oregon Health and Sciences University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97201-3098 USA Tel: +1 503 494 6346 Fax: +1 503 494 4285 nicholsc@ohsu.eud [Cancer of the testis] Dr Murray Norris Children's Cancer Institute Australia PO Box 81 Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia Tel: +61 2 9382 1813 Fax: +61 2 9382 1850 m.norris@unsw.edu.au [The molecular determination of minimal residual disease] Dr Hiroko Ohgaki Unit of Molecular Pathology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8534 Fax: +33 4 7273 8564 ohgaki@iarc.fr [Stomach cancer] 332 Contributors Dr Kola Okuyemi Departments of Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Boulevard Kansas City, KA 66160-7370 USA Tel: +1 913 588 1938 Fax: +1 913 588 1910 kokuyemi@kumc.edu [Pharmacological approaches to smoking cessation] Dr Christian Partensky Fédération des Spécialités Digestives Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7211 6261 Fax: +33 4 7211 6259 christian.partensky@chu-lyon.fr [Surgical oncology] Dr Frederica Perera Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health Columbia University School of Public Health 60 Haven Avenue, B-109 New York City, NY 10032 USA Tel: +1 212 304 7280 Fax: +1 212 544 1943 fpp1@columbia.edu [Molecular epidemiology] Dr Paola Pisani International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France pisani@iarc.fr [Ethics and cancer] Dr Roger R. Reddel Children's Medical Research Institute 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead Sydney, NSW 2145 Australia Tel: +61 2 9687 280 Fax: +61 2 9687 2120 rreddel@cmri.usyd.edu.au [Telomerase] Dr Elio Riboli Unit of Nutrition and Cancer International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8411 Fax: +33 4 7273 8419 riboli@iarc.fr [Diet and nutrition] Dr Jerry Rice International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France rice@iarc.fr [Medicinal drugs, Immunosuppression] Dr Jens Ricke Strahlenklinik Charite Campus Virchow-Klinikum Humboldt University Augustenburger Platz 1 D-13353 Berlin Germany Tel: +49 30 4505 7001 Fax: +49 30 4505 7901 jens@charite.de [Telemedicine] Dr Rodolfo Saracci International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France saracci@iarc.fr [Ethics and cancer] Dr Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 7273 8599 Fax: +33 4 7273 8650 sankar@iarc.fr [Head and neck cancer, Oral cancer screening, Cancer control in developing countries] Dr Annie J. Sasco Unit of Epidemiology for Cancer Prevention International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8412 Fax: +33 4 7273 8342 sasco@iarc.fr [Breast cancer, Tobacco control]
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
Page 271 and 272: Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
Page 273 and 274: CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
Page 275 and 276: Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
Page 277 and 278: Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280: Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282: treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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