world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
world cancer report - iarc
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Fig. 5.56 Five-year relative survival rates after<br />
diagnosis of testicular <strong>cancer</strong>.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. Stanford JL, Damber JE, Fair WR, Sancho-Garnier H,<br />
Griffiths K, Gu FL, Kiemeney LA (2000) Epidemiology of<br />
prostate <strong>cancer</strong>. In: Murphy G, Khoury S, Partin A, Denis L<br />
eds, Prostate <strong>cancer</strong>, Health Publication Ltd, UK, 21-55 .<br />
2. von Eschenbach AC (1996) The biologic dilemma of<br />
early carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 78: 326-329.<br />
3. Griffiths K, Denis LJ, Turkes A (2001) Oestrogens,<br />
phyto-oestrogens and the pathogenesis of prostatic disease.<br />
London, Martin Dunitz Publishers.<br />
4. Dunn IB, Kirk D (2000) Legal pitfalls in the diagnosis of<br />
prostate <strong>cancer</strong>. BJU Int, 86: 304-307.<br />
5. Sakr WA (1999) Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: A<br />
marker for high-risk groups and a potential target for<br />
chemoprevention. Eur Urol, 35: 474-478.<br />
6. Abate-Shen C, Shen MM (2000) Molecular genetics of<br />
prostate <strong>cancer</strong>. Genes Dev, 14: 2410-2434.<br />
7. Ozen M, Hopwood VL, Johnston DA, Babaian RJ,<br />
Logothetis CJ, von Eschenbach AC, Pathak S (1999)<br />
Aneuploidy index in blood: a potential marker for early<br />
onset, androgen response, and metastasis in human<br />
prostate <strong>cancer</strong>. Urology, 53: 381-385.<br />
8. Navone NM, Labate ME, Troncoso P, Pisters LL, Conti<br />
CJ, von Eschenbach AC, Logothetis CJ (1999) p53 mutations<br />
in prostate <strong>cancer</strong> bone metastases suggest that<br />
214 Human <strong>cancer</strong>s by organ site<br />
found to have positive nodes can consider<br />
two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy<br />
(100% cure rate).<br />
Disseminated germ cell tumours<br />
Guidelines for treatment of disseminated<br />
germ cell tumours (both seminoma and<br />
nonseminoma) are driven by the<br />
International Germ Cell Consensus<br />
(IGCC) prognostic index. Patients with<br />
low-risk nonseminoma (56% of cases) or<br />
seminoma (90% of cases) should receive<br />
three cycles of bleomycin, etoposide and<br />
cisplatin (BEP). Cure rate is approximately<br />
90-95%. Patients with intermediate-risk<br />
disease or high-risk disease should<br />
receive four cycles of BEP, with an expected<br />
cure rate of 75% or 50% of patients<br />
respectively.<br />
selected p53 mutants in the primary site define foci with<br />
metastatic potential. J Urol, 161: 304-308.<br />
9. Ozen M, Hopwood VL, Balbay MD, Johnston DA,<br />
Babaian RJ, Logothetis CJ, von Eschenbach AC, Pathak S<br />
(2000) Correlation of non-random chromosomal aberrations<br />
in lymphocytes of prostate <strong>cancer</strong> patients with specific<br />
clinical parameters. Int J Oncol, 17: 113-117.<br />
10. Lu-Yao GL, Yao SL (1997) Population-based study of<br />
long-term survival in patients with clinically localised<br />
prostate <strong>cancer</strong>. Lancet, 349: 906-910.<br />
11. Incrocci L, Slob AK, Levendag PC (2002) Sexual<br />
(dys)function after radiotherapy for prostate <strong>cancer</strong>: a<br />
review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 52: 681-693.<br />
12. Denis L, Murphy GP (2000) Cancer of the Prostate. In:<br />
Pollock RE ed., UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology, New<br />
York, Wiley-Liss, 563-574.<br />
13. Noss M, Klotz L (1998) Male urogenital <strong>cancer</strong>. In:<br />
Morris D, Kearsley J, Williams C eds, Cancer: a comprehensive<br />
clinical guide, Harwood Academic Publishers, 213-222.<br />
14. Oliver RT (2001) Testicular <strong>cancer</strong>. Curr Opin Oncol,<br />
13: 191-198.<br />
15. Chaganti RS, Houldsworth J (2000) Genetics and biology<br />
of adult human male germ cell tumors. Cancer Res, 60:<br />
1475-1482.<br />
Patients with nonseminoma who have normalized<br />
serum tumour markers and residual<br />
radiographic abnormalities should be<br />
considered for post-chemotherapy resection<br />
of residual disease. Teratoma (a<br />
malignant tumour that contains a variety<br />
of embryo-derived tissues, such as bone,<br />
muscle, cartilage, nerve, tooth buds) and<br />
persistent <strong>cancer</strong> are common findings in<br />
this setting. In contrast, patients with<br />
seminoma and residual masses after<br />
chemotherapy should be simply observed,<br />
as teratoma and residual <strong>cancer</strong> are not<br />
common findings in this situation.<br />
Patients with recurrent disease after<br />
chemotherapy still have the potential for<br />
cure. Salvage chemotherapy with vinblastine,<br />
ifosamide and cisplatin cures approximately<br />
25% of these patients.<br />
WEBSITES<br />
Information for GPs: Screening for Prostate Cancer:<br />
http://www.sesahs.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/Cancer<br />
Control/default.htm<br />
The Prostate Cancer Research Institute (USA):<br />
http://www.prostate-<strong>cancer</strong>.org/<br />
NCI Prostate Cancer Homepage :<br />
http ://www.<strong>cancer</strong>.gov/prostate