world cancer report - iarc

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Central and Southern Europe differ marginally from this pattern as a result of the relatively high incidence of stomach cancer. Bladder cancer occupies the fifth or sixth position in all these regions (except Oceania). East Asia, which includes Japan and regions of China, comprises nations and communities divided between the “more developed” and “less developed” categories. Accordingly, the distribution of cancer is evocative of that in more developed regions with regard to lung, colorectal and breast cancer, but different insofar as cancers of the stomach, oesophagus and liver are of major concern. In the less developed world, there is no single grouping of cancers constituting a clear pattern; rather particular patterns are specific to broad regions. Breast cancer is of importance to communities in both more and less developed countries. In contrast, cervical cancer is a particularly serious problem for much of the developing world including South Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Otherwise, there are cancers that are of singular significance to certain regions. Thus cancer of the oral cavity ranks high in South Central Asia, liver cancer is of particular relevance to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, while bladder cancer is a major problem for Northern Africa and Western Asia. Possibilities for cancer prevention and treatment As previously indicated, the overview of cancer in the world presented here represents a superficial examination of the comprehensive data that are available concerning the distribution of cancer. Despite the limitations of the present assessment, certain principles are clearly evident. The burden of cancer in the world varies according to the community. The extent of variation when subcontinental regions are compared is equally apparent at a national level and may be clear even at the local district level. As this Report describes, variation in cancer incidence is primarily explicable in terms of, and indicative of, the influence of particular risk factors. Many established risk factors operate as causes of disease, for which the relevant biological mechanisms are being progressively clarified. For the most part, understanding the causes of cancer Fig. 1.7 Comparison of the most common cancers in more and less developed countries in 2000. NHL = Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fig. 1.5 Traffic emissions and other sources of atmospheric, soil and water pollution may account for as many as 4% of all cancers. Fig. 1.6 A young mother from Senegal holding her son wearing a sweatshirt with cigarette industry logo. provides an opportunity for cancer prevention or early detection. This transition The global burden of cancer 15
Incidence of cancer in North Africa and Western Asia. Incidence of cancer in South and Central America and the Caribbean. Incidence of cancer in Eastern Asia. 16 The global burden of cancer Fig. 1.8 Incidence of cancer in twelve world regions. Incidence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Incidence of cancer in North America. Incidence of cancer in South-Eastern Asia.
Page 2 and 3: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
Page 4 and 5: WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
Page 8 and 9: The global burden of cancer Cancer
Page 10 and 11: Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
Page 14 and 15: Incidence of cancer in South Centra
Page 16 and 17: from documentation of disease to a
Page 18 and 19: TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
Page 20 and 21: Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
Page 22 and 23: Cancers positively Sex Standardized
Page 24 and 25: PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
Page 26 and 27: level the dose—response relations
Page 28 and 29: lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
Page 30 and 31: Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
Page 32 and 33: Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
Page 34 and 35: to occupational exposures in develo
Page 36 and 37: Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
Page 38 and 39: der cancer of the order of 50% is p
Page 40 and 41: AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
Page 42 and 43: Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
Page 44 and 45: MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
Page 46 and 47: Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
Page 48 and 49: Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
Page 50 and 51: sources of electromagnetic fields [
Page 52 and 53: CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
Page 54 and 55: Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
Page 56 and 57: TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
Page 58 and 59: DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
Page 60 and 61: Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
Page 62 and 63:
OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
Page 64 and 65:
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
Page 72 and 73:
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
Page 74 and 75:
PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
Page 155 and 156:
SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
Page 185 and 186:
Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
Page 199 and 200:
Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
Page 201 and 202:
REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
Page 221 and 222:
with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
Page 245 and 246:
Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
Page 249 and 250:
Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
Page 251 and 252:
THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
Page 257 and 258:
Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
Page 259 and 260:
TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
Page 267 and 268:
Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
Page 269 and 270:
TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
Page 271 and 272:
Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
Page 273 and 274:
CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
Page 275 and 276:
Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
Page 277 and 278:
Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280:
Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282:
treatment of cancer. The problems l
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duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286:
REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288:
cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292:
Cancer pain relief varies and in so
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EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
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Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298:
priority to cancer control activiti
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Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302:
- Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304:
high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306:
ecords departments are either rudim
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THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310:
in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312:
in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
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68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316:
Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318:
Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
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Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322:
Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324:
Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
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REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328:
2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
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Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
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5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
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4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
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Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338:
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340:
Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342:
S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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