world cancer report - iarc

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p27, 105, 106 p53 germline mutation, 190 p53 mutation, 44, 85, 105, 267 p53, 22, 27, 44, 54, 59, 72, 73, 91, 94, 98-105, 107, 114, 115, 120, 164, 185, 186, 191, 196, 199, 201, 204, 206, 210, 217, 219, 225, 226, 230, 248, 250, 255, 263, 265, 268, 315 Paclitaxel, see taxanes Palliative care, 297, 308, 323 Pancreatic cancer, 13, 22, 24, 45, 72, 73, 120, 131, 248, 250, 251, 273, 281, 284 Papanicolaou smear, 88, 167, 216 Papillary thyroid carcinoma, 258 para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, 35 Passive smoking, see environmental tobacco smoke Patched, 54 PAX8, 259 Peau de chagrin, 268 Penicillium, 44 Peptic ulcer, 131 Perchloroethylene, 85 Peripheral vascular disease, 131 Peritoneum, 34, 124 Pesticides, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 137, 140, 189, 238 Petroleum, 36, 40 Peutz-Jegher syndrome, 72, 199, 251 Peutz-Jeghers polyp, 86 P-glycoprotein, see MDR1 Phaeochromocytoma, 72, 268 Pharmaceutical industry, 286 Pharyngeal cancer, 24, 29, 30, 34, 57, 62, 65, 131, 154, 232 Phenacetin, 48, 49 Philadelphia chromosome, 244, 245 Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), 117 Photofluoroscopy, 176, 195 Phyto-estrogens, 78, 209 Pilocytic astrocytoma, 266 Piroxicam, 152 Pituitary tumour, 85, 278 Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 117, 267 Platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), 123, 267 Platinum derivatives, 285 Platinum drugs, 49, 91, 186, 197, 206, 208, 212, 214, 219, 221, 222, 263, 282, 286 Pleura, 34, 37 PMS1, 73 PMS2, 73 Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), 93 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 35, 42, 45, 140, 228, 248 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 25, 27, 33, 38, 45, 46, 63, 91, 138, 139, 228, 230 Polycystic kidney disease, 262 Polymerase chain reaction, 246 Polymorphisms, 31, 66, 80, 90, 111, 185, 209, 235, 324 Polynucleotide kinase (PNK), 93 Population ageing, 320 pRb, 105, 107 Prednisolone, 286, 287 Prednisone, 286 Premalignant lesions, 73, 84, 163, 170, 172, 175, 185, 199, 216, 224 Primary (de novo) glioblastoma, 267 Procarbazine, 48, 50, 241, 282, 283, 286 Progesterone receptors, 291 Progesterone, 85, 191 Prognostic factors, 123, 124, 282 Programmed cell death, see apoptosis 84 Promoter hypermethylation, 101, 105, 186, 250 Promutagenic DNA adducts, 89 Prophylactic vaccination, 144, 148 Prostaglandins, 151, 290 Prostate cancer screening, 160 Prostate cancer, 12, 35, 62, 73, 77, 85, 105, 111, 120, 121, 154, 160, 208, 221, 278, 281, 284, 286, 291, 324 Prostate-specific antigen, 160, 208 Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 210 Proteases, 226 Protein kinase B (Akt, PKB), 117 Protein kinase C (PKC), 117 Proteolysis, 191 Proto-oncogene, 84 PTCH, 72, 266, 268 PTEN, 72, 120, 210, 219, 258, 266, 268 Pulmonary heart disease, 131 Pulmonary tuberculosis, 131 Pyridyloxobutylation adducts, 90 Pyrimidine dimer, 91 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 44 Q Quitting, see smoking cessation R Rab11, 226 Radiation, 51-55, 141, 253 Radiotherapy, 277, 317 Radon, 36, 37, 52, 184 RAS, 91, 97, 102, 114, 117, 235, 259 RB1, 44, 72, 98, 99, 104, 105, 114, 210, 230, 267 Reactive oxygen species, 86 Recombination, 71 Recombinational repair, 91 Rehabilitation, 292 Renal cell carcinoma, 72, 261, 268 Renal pelvis cancer, 85 Replication error, 86 RET, 72, 259 Retinal haemangioblastomas, 268 Retinoblastoma, 71, 72, 98, 104, 105, 265 Retinoic acid, 153, 244, 246 Retinoids, 151, 152, 154 Rho, 122 Rubber manufacture, 34, 35 Rural areas, 40 Subject index 349
S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Salt, 63, 64, 176, 194, 233 Sarcoma, 72, 268, 281, 284 Schistosoma haematobium, 57, 58, 228, 229 Schwannoma, 268 Secondary cancers, 48 Secondary glioblastoma, 267 Selenium, 209 Seminoma, 212 Senescence, 87 Serum pepsinogen, 177 Shade, 141 Shh, 54 Sigmoidoscopy, 164 Silica, 34 Single nucleotide polymorphisms, 324 Skin cancer, 34-37, 39, 41, 49-51, 53, 68, 69, 72, 92-94, 102, 111, 141-143, 154, 255, 268 SMAD gene family, 206 SMAD2, 199 SMAD4, 199 Small cell lung cancer, 185, 186, 281 Smoke, 232 Smokeless tobacco, 23, 25, 27 Smoking cessation, 25, 28, 75, 128, 129, 132, 133, 182, 183, 310 Smoking, see tobacco smoke Smooth muscle tumours, 68 Snuff, 22, 233 Soil pollution, 41 Solar radiation, 37 Somatic mutation, 71 Soots, 34 Spinal ependymomas, 268 Spinal tumours, 266 Spiral CT, 185 Squalamine (NHE-3 inhibitor), 123 Squamous cell carcinoma, 53, 68, 72, 141, 142, 152, 167, 182, 185, 215, 216, 223, 230, 232 Stem cell, 240, 241, 244, 286 Steroid hormones, 191 STI-571, 246, 247, 285 STK11, 250, 251 Stomach cancer, 25, 29, 36, 42, 57, 58, 61, 63-65, 85, 94, 111, 120, 131, 175, 194, 196, 238, 274, 281, 284 Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 268 Subungual fibroma, 268 Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), 40, 138 Sulindac, 152 Sunburn, 142, 253 Sunlight, 51, 91, 135, 141, 253 Sunscreens, 141, 152 Surgical implants, 49 Surgical oncology, 272, 314 350 Subject index T T cells, 59, 149, 242, 288, 289 Talc containing asbestiform fibres, 34 Tamoxifen, 48, 49, 151, 153, 156, 192, 218, 282, 286, 291 Taxanes, 186, 282, 283, 285, 286 TCDD, 34 Telemedicine, 276 Telomerase, 108, 206 Telomere, 108 Teniposide, 50 Testicular cancer, 60, 85, 208, 273, 281, 318 Testosterone, 85 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD), 34 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, 138 Tetrachloroethylene, 35 Tetraphthalic acid, 85 TGF-α, 123, 191 TGF-β, 123, 191, 259, 290 TGF βR2, 250 Thioguanine, 283 Thiotepa, 49 Thymidine kinase, 111 Thyroid cancer, 51, 52, 72, 257, 268, 273, 284 Thyroidectomy, 273 TNM staging, 191, 124 Tobacco advertising, 131 Tobacco control, 128, 306-310, 313, 323 Tobacco Free Initiative, 308 Tobacco smoke, 12, 21, 37, 91, 94, 128, 134, 140, 183, 228, 233, 248, 261, 308-310, 322 Tobacco, 22, 25, 30, 39, 41, 85, 102, 128, 182, 223, 228, 233, 248, 261, 304, 308-310, 313, 321 Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, 25 Toluene, 40 Topoisomerase, 191, 283, 285 TRAIL, 290 Transforming growth factors, see TGF-α, TGF-β Transgenic mouse models, 113, 288 Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract, 48, 228 Treosulfan, 49 Trichilemmomas, 268 Trichlorobenzene, 35 Trichloroethylene, 35, 138 Trimethylpentane, 85 TSC1, 268 TSC2, 268 Tuberous sclerosis, 268 Tumour antigens, 288-290 Tumour suppressor genes, 71, 73, 84, 86, 91, 96, 98-102, 109, 121, see also p53 TUNEL assay, 116 Turcot syndrome, 268 Tyrosinaemia, 204 U UICC, 306 Ulcerative colitis, 273
Page 2 and 3:
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
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treatment of cancer. The problems l
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duction. It is clear that tumour ce
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REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
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cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
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