world cancer report - iarc

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REFERENCES 1. Asaka M, Kimura T, Kato M, Kudo M, Miki K, Ogoshi K, Kato T, Tatsuta M, Graham DY (1994) Possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in early gastric cancer development. Cancer, 73: 2691-2694. 2. Graham DY (2000) Helicobacter pylori infection is the primary cause of gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol, 35 Suppl 12: 90-97. 3. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Schlemper RJ (2001) Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med, 345: 784- 789. 4. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, Yamaguchi S, Mashiba H, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Haruma K, Sumii K, Kajiyama G (1997) Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6: 639-642. 5. Parsonnet J, Harris RA, Hack HM, Owens DK (1996) Modelling cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer: a mandate for clinical trials. Lancet, 348: 150-154. 6. Sonnenberg A, Inadomi JM (1998) Review article: Medical decision models of Helicobacter pylori therapy to prevent gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 12 Suppl 1: 111-121. 7. Hatzifoti C, Wren BW, Morrow WJ (2000) Helicobacter pylori vaccine strategies--triggering a gut reaction. Immunol Today, 21: 615-619. 8. Corthesy-Theulaz I (2000) Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori. Recent Results Cancer Res, 156: 55- 59. 9. Ogimoto I, Shibata A, Fukuda K (2000) World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research 1997 recommendations: applicability to digestive tract cancer in Japan. Cancer Causes Control, 11: 9-23. 10. Berglund G, Hill MJ, Caygill CP, Farinati F, Giacosa A, De Koster E, Reed PI, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Stockbrugger R (1997) Consensus statement on diet and gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer Panel. Eur J Cancer Prev, 6: 404-407. 11. Correa P, Malcom G, Schmidt B, Fontham E, Ruiz B, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Zarama G, Realpe JL (1998) Review article: Antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 12 Suppl 1: 73-82. 12. Varis K, Taylor PR, Sipponen P, Samloff IM, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Harkonen M, Huttunen JK, Laxen F, Virtamo J (1998) Gastric cancer and premalignant lesions in atrophic gastritis: a controlled trial on the effect of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. The Helsinki Gastritis Study Group. Scand J Gastroenterol, 33: 294-300. 13. Youn HS, Ko GH, Chung MH, Lee WK, Cho MJ, Rhee KH (1996) Pathogenesis and prevention of stomach cancer. J Korean Med Sci, 11: 373-385. 14. Hanazaki K, Sodeyama H, Wakabayashi M, Miyazawa M, Yokoyama S, Sode Y, Kawamura N, Miyazaki T, Ohtsuka M (1997) Surgical treatment of gastric cancer detected by mass screening. Hepatogastroenterology, 44: 1126-1132. 15. Pisani P, Oliver WE, Parkin DM, Alvarez N, Vivas J (1994) Case-control study of gastric cancer screening in Venezuela. Br J Cancer, 69: 1102-1105. 16. Pisani P, Parkin DM (1996) Screening for gastric cancer. Cancer Treat Res, 86: 113-119. Stomach cancer 179
Human cancers by organ site Malignant tumours can develop in any organ from cell types still actively engaged in replication. The nomenclature refers to the tissue of origin: carcinoma (derived from epithelial tissues), sarcoma (soft tissues and bone), glioma (brain), leukaemia and lymphoma (haematopoietic and lymphatic tissues), carcinomas being by far the most frequent type. Irrespective of the site, malignant transformation is a multistep process involving the sequential accumulation of genetic alterations. However, the types of oncogene or suppressor genes involved and the sequence of amplification or mutation varies greatly in different organs and target cells. Susceptibility to carcinogenic factors may depend on the capacity to metabolize chemical carcinogens, to effectively repair DNA damage or to harbour chronic infections. There are also marked variations in response to therapy and overall clinical outcome. 5
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
Page 123 and 124: TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
Page 125 and 126: Region Deaths due to % of total dea
Page 127 and 128: ipated, is primarily attributable t
Page 129 and 130: smoke. This may be achieved in part
Page 131 and 132: there is no evidence for the effica
Page 133 and 134: industries, processes and occupatio
Page 135 and 136: stoves arises in rural areas of dev
Page 137 and 138: Climbing plants on trellis at end r
Page 139 and 140: HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
Page 141 and 142: Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
Page 143 and 144: HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
Page 145 and 146: Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
Page 147 and 148: prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
Page 149 and 150: aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
Page 151 and 152: SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
Page 153 and 154: Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
Page 155 and 156: SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
Page 157 and 158: Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
Page 159 and 160: is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
Page 161 and 162: 45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
Page 163 and 164: eing based on (i) time trends in th
Page 165 and 166: Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
Page 167 and 168: SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
Page 169 and 170: India will provide useful informati
Page 171 and 172: cer incidence following cure of inf
Page 173: 100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
Page 177 and 178: tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
Page 179 and 180: diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
Page 181 and 182: is frequent and survival rates are
Page 183 and 184: Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
Page 185 and 186: Markers of prognosis in breast canc
Page 187 and 188: cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
Page 189 and 190: 100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
Page 191 and 192: depends on staging. Small intramuco
Page 193 and 194: Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
Page 195 and 196: ane protein involved in cell adhesi
Page 197 and 198: LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
Page 199 and 200: Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
Page 201 and 202: REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
Page 203 and 204: Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
Page 205 and 206: Management The dramatic division be
Page 207 and 208: TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
Page 209 and 210: CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
Page 211 and 212: Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
Page 213 and 214: Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
Page 215 and 216: invasive malignant. Malignant germ
Page 217 and 218: OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
Page 219 and 220: Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
Page 221 and 222: with a stent; laser recannulation,
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
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Most of the world’s most common c
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treatment of cancer. The problems l
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duction. It is clear that tumour ce
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REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
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cer and its associated disability.
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REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
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Cancer pain relief varies and in so
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EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
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Cancer control The negative impact
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priority to cancer control activiti
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Prevention of cancer Every country
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- Assessing the magnitude of the ca
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high-risk women. Further details on
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ecords departments are either rudim
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THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
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in the capitals/urban areas of four
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in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
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68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
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Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
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Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
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Contributors and Reviewers Sources
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Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
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Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
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REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
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2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
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Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
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5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
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4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
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Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
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Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
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S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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