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5.44 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.45 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.46 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 5.47 L. Denis, Belgium, and K. Griffiths, UK 5.48 & 5.49 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.50 Adapted from Figure 4C. Abate-Shen, M.M. Shen (2000) Molecular genetics of prostate cancer. Genes Dev, 14(19): 2410-2434 5. 51 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.52 P. Kleihues, IARC 5.53 M.K. Rosenblum, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York NY 10021, USA 5.54 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.55 Adapted from Figure 6, R.S. Chaganti, J. Houldsworth (2000) Genetics and biology of adult human male germ cell tumors. Cancer Res, 60(6): 1475-1482 5.56 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.57 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.58 WHO/TDR Image Library/Crump 5.59 & 5.60 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 5.61 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.62 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.63 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.64 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.65 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry 5.66 M. Esteller, J. Xercavins, J. Reventos (1999) Advances in the molecular genetics of endometrial cancer. Oncology Reports 6 (6): 1377-1382 5.67 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.68 B. Marincek, Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, UniversitätsSpital, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland 5.69 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 5.70 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.71 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.72 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.73 & 5.74 IARC Press 5.75 D.M. Parkin et al. (2001) Eur J Cancer, 37, suppl.8: S4-66 5.76 A.M. Thompson, UK 5.77 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.78 C. Fenoglio-Preiser, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine, 231 Bethesda Avenue, POB 670529, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA 5.79 M. Werner, Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany 5.80 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.81 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.82 P. Brennan, IARC/ Adapted from P. Brennan, O. Bogillot, S. Cordier et al. (2000) Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer, 86(2): 289-294 5.83 WHO/ TDR Image Library/ Manderson 5.84 & 5.85 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.86 Reprinted from Urologic Clinics of North America, 27(1), R. Lee and M.J. Droller, The natural history of bladder cancer, 1-13, copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science 5.87 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.88 - 5.90 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.91 - 5.93 R. Sankaranarayanan, IARC 5.94 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.95 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.96 D. Sidransky (1997) Tumor suppressor genes, in V.T. DeVita Jr., et al., eds, Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th edition, Lippincott-Raven, p 737 5.97 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.98 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 5.99 L.A.G. Ries, M.P. Eisner, C.L. Kosary, B.F. Hankey, B.A. Miller, L. Clegg, B.K. Edwards eds (2001) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 5.100 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.101 E.S. Jaffe, Laboratory of Pathology, NIH, Building 10, Room 2N-202, 10 Center Drive MSC-1500, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA 5.102 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.103 H. Stein, Institut für Pathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Hindenburgdamm 30, D 12200 Berlin, Germany 5.104 E.S. Jaffe, Laboratory of Pathology, NIH, building 10, Room 2N-202, 10 Center Drive MSC-1500, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA 5.105 Reprinted by permission from A.A. Alizadeh, M.B. Eisen, R.E. Davis, C. Ma, I.S. Lossos et al. (2000) Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature, 403(6769): 503-511. Copyright 2000, Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Sources of figures and tables 339
5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.108 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.109 Los Alamos National Laboratory/SPL/Cosmos 5.110 L.A.G. Ries, M.P. Eisner, C.L. Kosary, B.F. Hankey, B.A. Miller et al., eds (2001) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA 5.111 A & B R.D. Brunning, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Hospital, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Box 609, Minneapolis, MN 55455- 0385, USA 5.112 Adapted from a figure by J. Melo, Department of Haematology, ISCM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W12 ONN, UK 5.113 A & B G. Flandrin, Laboratoire Central de Hématologie, Hôpital Necker, 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75743 Paris, France 5.114 R.D. Brunning, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Hospital, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Box 609, Minneapolis, MN 55455- 0385, USA 5.115 With permission of J.A. Squire, from V.D. Markovic, D. Bouman, J. Bayani, J. Al-Maghrabi, S. Kamel-Reid et al. (2000) Lack of BCR/ABL reciprocal fusion in variant Philadelphia chromosome translocations: a use of double fusion signal FISH and spectral karyotyping. Leukemia, 14(6):1157-1160 5.116 B. Hirsch, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 5.117 J.W. Vardiman, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Ave., MC0008 Romm TW-055, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA 5.118 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.119 & 5.120 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.121 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 5.122 G. Zamboni, Dept of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italy 5.123 G. Klöppel, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelistrasse 11, D-24105 Kiel, Germany 5.124 P. Vogt, Department of Pathology, University Hospital USZ, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland 5.125 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.126 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.127 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.128 Data from New South Wales Central Cancer Registry†, Australia 5.129 B.W. Stewart, Australia 5.130 - 5.134 W. McCarthy, Australia 5.135 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.136 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 5.137 GLOBOCAN 2000* 340 Sources of figures and tables 5.138 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 5.139 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.140 Adapted from Figure 2, D.L. Learoyd , M. Messina, J. Zedenius, B.G. Robinson (2000) Molecular genetics of thyroid tumours and surgical decision making. World J Surg, 24, 923-933 5.141 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.142 & 5.143 GLOBOCAN 2000* 5.144 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 5.145 B. Marincek, Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, UniversitätsSpital, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland 5.146 Public Health Image Library, CDC, USA/Dr Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. 5.147 F. Berger and J.Y. Scoazec, Laboratoire d’Anatomo- Pathologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon France 5.148 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cancer Registry† 5.149 J. Ferlay, F.I. Bray, R. Sankila, D.M. Parkin eds (1999) EUCAN90: Cancer Incidence Mortality and Prevalence in the European Union (IARC Cancer Bases No. 4), Lyon, IARCPress 5.150 P. Kleihues, IARC 5.151 P.C. Burger, Pathology Building, Room 706, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA 5.152 H. Ohgaki, IARC 5.153 P. Kleihues, IARC 5.154 A. Vital, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Victor Segalen University, Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Leo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France 6.1 Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library, UK 6.2 - 6.5 G. Maddern, Australia 6.6 Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, USA 6.7-6.8 Varian Medical Systems UK Ltd. 6.9 & 6.10 Graphics and Audiovisual section, NCI Office of Cancer Communications, USA 6.11 K. Sikora, UK 6.12 Modified from C.M. Haskell, ed (1995) Cancer Treatment, 4th Edition, W.B. Saunders/Reprinted from W.E. Ross et al., Pharmacology and Therapeutics, copyright 1987, Vol. 32, p. 89, with permission from Elsevier Science 6.13 H. Stein, Institut für Pathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Hindenburgdamm 30, D- 12200 Berlin, Germany 6.14 K. Sikora, UK 6.15 A. Villunger and A. Strasser (1999) The great escape: is immune evasion required for tumor progression? Nat Med, 5(8): 874-5 6.16 P. Hersey, Australia 6.17 K.R. Dumon, H. Ishii, L.Y. Fong, N. Zanesi, V. Fidanza et al., (2001) FHIT gene therapy prevents tumor development in Fhit-
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
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TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
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Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
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CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
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Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
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Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280: Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282: treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319 and 320: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 321 and 322: Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobac
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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