world cancer report - iarc

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CONTRIBUTORS Dr Alex A. Adjei Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA Tel: +1 507 538 0548 Fax: +1 507 284 1803 adjei.alex@mayo.edu [Drugs targeting signal transduction pathways] Dr Frank Alvaro John Hunter Children's Hospital Locked Bag No. 1 Hunter Region Mail Centre NSW 2310 Australia Tel: +61 2 4921 3080 Fax: +61 2 4921 4080 falvaro@doh.health.nsw.gov.au [Childhood cancer] Dr Ala Alwan Management of Noncommunicable Diseases World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 791 4619 Fax: +41 22 791 4259 alwana@who.ch [Cancer control: a global perspective] Dr Alain Barbin Unit of Endogenous Cancer Risk Factors International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8538 Fax: +33 4 7273 8088 barbin@iarc.fr [Carcinogen activation and DNA repair] Dr Daniele Bernardi Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Divisione di Oncologia Medica A Via Pedemontana Occ. le 12 33081 Aviano (PN) Italy Tel: +39 434 659 284 Fax: +39 434 659 531 dbernardi@cro.it [Tumours associated with HIV/AIDS] Dr Sheila A. Bingham MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2XY UK Tel: +44 1223 252 760 Fax: +44 1223 252 765 sab@mrc-dunn.cam.ac.uk [Phyto-estrogens and cancer] Dr Paolo Boffetta Unit of Environmental Cancer Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8441 Fax: +33 4 7273 8320 boffetta@iarc.fr [Tobacco, Tobacco control, Occupational cancer, Alcohol drinking, Environmental pollution, Lung cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Bladder cancer] Dr Sandra Boivin-Angele DNA Repair Group International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8317 Fax: +33 4 7273 8322 angele@iarc.fr [ATM and breast cancer] Freddie I. Bray Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8375 Fax: +33 4 7273 8650 bray@iarc.fr [Globocan 2000, Global burden of cancer] Dr Eduardo Bruera Symptom Control and Palliative Center The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0008 Houston, TX 77030 USA Tel: +1 713 792 6084 ebruera@mail.mdanderson.org [Rehabilitation] Dr Elisabeth Cardis Unit of Radiation and Cancer International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8508 Fax: +33 4 7272 8054 cardis@iarc.fr [Radiation] Dr Barrie R. Cassileth Integrative Medicine Service Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 USA Tel: +1 212 639 8629 Fax: +1 212 794 5851 Cassileth@mskcc.org [Complementary and alternative medicine] Dr Maria Cavazzana-Calvo Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génétique, INSERM U429 Hôpital Necker EM 149 Rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris France Tel: +33 1 4449 5068 Fax: +33 1 4273 0640 cavazzan@necker.fr [Gene therapy] Dr Pascale A. Cohen Faculté de Pharmacie 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier France Tel: +33 4 6754 8613 Fax: +33 4 6754 8610 pascale.cohen@ibph.pharma.univ-montpl.fr [Implications for cancer of the Human Genome Project] Dr Catherine Cohet Unit of Environmental Cancer Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8657 Fax: +33 4 7273 8320 cohet@iarc.fr [Geographic variation in mutation patterns] Contributors 329
Dr Vera Luiz da Costa e Silva Tobacco Free Initiative World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 791 2442 costaesilvav@who.int [Tobacco Free Initiative] Dr Louis J. Denis Oncology Centre Antwerp Lange Gasthuisstraat 35-37 2000 Antwerp Belgium Tel: +32 3223 5350 Fax: +32 3223 5352 Louis.denis@skynet.be [Prostate cancer, Screening for prostate cancer] Dr Suzanne Eccles Tumour Biology and Metastasis McElwain Laboratories Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics Institute of Cancer Research Cotswold Road Belmont, Sutton SM2 5NG UK Tel: +44 20 8722 4210 Fax: +44 20 8643 0223 suzan@icr.ac.uk [Invasion and metastasis] Dr Hashem B. El-Serag Gastroenterology and Health Services Research Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston VA Medical Center 2002 Holcombe Boulevard (152) Houston, TX 77030 USA Tel: +1 713 794 8640 Fax: +1 713 748 7359 hasheme@bcm.tmc.edu [Stomach cancer prevention and screening] Jacques Ferlay Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8490 Fax: +33 4 7273 8650 ferlay@iarc.fr [Globocan 2000, Global burden of cancer] 330 Contributors Dr Alain Fischer Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génétique INSERM U 429 Hôpital Necker EM 149 Rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris France Tel: +33 1 4449 4822 Fax: +33 1 4273 5070 fischer@necker.fr [Gene therapy] Dr Silvia Franceschi Unit of Field and Intervention Studies International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas F-69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8402 Fax: +33 4 7273 8345 franceschi@iarc.fr [Infectious agents, HPV vaccination] Dr Emil J. Freireich Adult Leukemia Research Program The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0055 Houston, TX 77030 USA Tel: +1 713 792 2660 Fax: +1 713 794 1812 efreirei@mdanderson.org [Leukaemia] Dr David Goldgar Unit of Genetic Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8318 Fax: +33 4 7273 8342 goldgar@iarc.fr [Genetic susceptibility] Dr David Y. Graham Department of Medicine Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111D) 2002 Holcombe Boulevard. Houston, TX 77030, USA Tel: +1 713 795 0232 Fax: +1 713 790 1040 dgraham@bcm.tmc.edu [Stomach cancer prevention and screening] Dr Keith Griffiths Tenovus Cancer Research Centre University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XX UK Tel: +44 1 633 680 765 Fax: +44 1 633 681 359 ProfKGriffiths@aol.com [Prostate cancer, Prostate cancer screening] Dr Salima Hacein-Bey Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génétique, INSERM U 429 Hôpital Necker EM 149 Rue de Sèvres 75743 Paris France Tel: +33 1 4449 5068 Fax: +33 1 4273 0640 [Gene therapy] Dr Pierre Hainaut Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8532 Fax: +33 4 7273 8322 hainaut@iarc.fr [Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, Cell cycle, Liver cancer, Food contaminants, Oesophageal cancer, Geographic variation in mutation patterns] Dr Janet Hall DNA Repair Group International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon France Tel: +33 4 7273 8596 Fax: +33 4 7273 8322 hall@iarc.fr [Carcinogen activation and DNA repair, ATM and breast cancer] Dr Peter Hersey Immunology and Oncology Unit Room 443, David Maddison Building King and Watt Streets Newcastle, NSW 2300 Australia Tel: +61 2 4923 6828 Fax: +61 2 4923 6184 Peter.Hersey@newcastle.edu.au [Immunotherapy]
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO OMS I
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WORLD CANCER REPORT Editors Bernard
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 The global bu
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The global burden of cancer Cancer
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Fig. 1.2 Incidence and mortality of
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Central and Southern Europe differ
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Incidence of cancer in South Centra
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from documentation of disease to a
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TOBACCO SUMMARY >In addition to lun
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Fig. 2.3 Smoking by children is inc
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Cancers positively Sex Standardized
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PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SMOKI
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level the dose—response relations
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lipoprotein-associated cholesterol,
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Agent Cancer site/cancer Main indus
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Industry, occupation Cancer site/ca
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to occupational exposures in develo
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Air pollutant WHO Air Quality Guide
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der cancer of the order of 50% is p
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AFLATOXIN B 1 HEPATITIS VIRUS (chro
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Fig. 2.30 Correlation between regio
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MEDICINAL DRUGS SUMMARY > Certain d
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Drug or drug combination Cancer IAR
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Agent or substance Cancer site/canc
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sources of electromagnetic fields [
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CHRONIC INFECTIONS SUMMARY > Infect
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Infection Subclinical Mutagenic fac
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TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS Ap
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DIET AND NUTRITION SUMMARY > Up to
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Fig. 2.54 The age-adjusted mortalit
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OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY AND PHYSICAL AC
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUMMARY >Persiste
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Fig. 2.64 Cancer following immunosu
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Syndrome Gene Location Cancer site/
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viduals, confirmation of a gene def
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND HORMONES S
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PHYTO-ESTROGENS AND CANCER PEVENTIO
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Indicator Number of oral contracept
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Mechanisms of tumour development Th
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The stages in tumorigenesis have be
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PRECURSOR LESIONS IN CHEMOPREVENTIO
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CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION AND DNA REPAI
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adducts, a few weeks or months for
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I Reactive oxygen species Methylati
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which remove the mismatched bases,
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Common human oncogenes Many common
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product of the RB1 gene (pRb) and a
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ates a molecular bridge between p53
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potential cancer genes altered thro
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One of the earliest genes to be ide
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Regulation of the cell cycle and co
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CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION SUMMARY > C
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Connexin genes and tumour suppressi
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APOPTOSIS SUMMARY > The term apopto
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Caspase-8 Caspase-3 c-FLIP Procaspa
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ways. Several options are under inv
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INVASION AND METASTASIS SUMMARY > T
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laminin, entactin and also heparan
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Target Example of agent Comments Ad
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organs, and to respond to local gro
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TOBACCO CONTROL SUMMARY > Tobacco-i
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Region Deaths due to % of total dea
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ipated, is primarily attributable t
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smoke. This may be achieved in part
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there is no evidence for the effica
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industries, processes and occupatio
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stoves arises in rural areas of dev
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Climbing plants on trellis at end r
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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION SUMMARY > P
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Fig. 4.17 Chronic active HBV-associ
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION SU
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Vaccine Site of trial Number of pat
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prolonged use. Similar drugs, that
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aspirin and other non-steroidal ant
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SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER SUMMARY
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Fig. 4.35 Cumulative mortality from
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SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER SUMMA
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Fig. 4.39 Poster designed for an an
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is around 10% for cancer (out of ev
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45 with one positive rehydrated FOB
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eing based on (i) time trends in th
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Fig. 4.48 Women at a clinic in Indi
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SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER SUMMARY >
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India will provide useful informati
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cer incidence following cure of inf
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Males Fe
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Human cancers by organ site Maligna
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tobacco smoking: age at start, aver
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diagnosis is usually confirmed by h
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is frequent and survival rates are
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Fig. 5.14 Physician reading digital
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Markers of prognosis in breast canc
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cer in the contralateral breast (Ch
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100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1 Japan Chile Po
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depends on staging. Small intramuco
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Fig. 5.30 A diet rich in fresh frui
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ane protein involved in cell adhesi
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LIVER CANCER SUMMARY > About 560,00
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Fig. 5.39 A woman in the Gambia pre
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REFERENCES 1. Ferlay J, Bray F, Par
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Certain Possible Uncertain Age Andr
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Management The dramatic division be
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TUMOUR NORMAL Gastrula PGC 2n Impri
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CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
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Fig. 5.62 Five-year relative surviv
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Inheritance of high-penetrance gene
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invasive malignant. Malignant germ
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OESOPHAGEAL CANCER SUMMARY >Cancer
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Fig. 5.76 A radiographic view of an
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with a stent; laser recannulation,
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Fig. 5.82 Risk of bladder cancer am
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Partial cystectomy is appropriate f
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poorly known since hypopharyngeal c
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Fig. 5.92 Oral leukoplakia with mil
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LYMPHOMA SUMMARY > Malignant lympho
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T Fig. 5.101 Nuclear magnetic reson
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Fig. 5.106 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.109 The immediate aftermath
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A B Fig. 5.113 Acute myeloid leukae
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Fig. 5.118 Five-year relative survi
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Fig. 5.120 Age-specific incidence a
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Hereditary condition Mode of inheri
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MELANOMA SUMMARY > Approximately 13
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Fig. 5.131 Primary melanoma with a
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THYROID CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of
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Papillary carcinoma RET/PTC TRK BRA
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KIDNEY CANCER SUMMARY > Cancer of t
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Stage Clear cell carcinoma Papillar
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TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM SUMMA
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ing the optic tract, brain stem and
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mut = mutant p53 wt = wildtype p53
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SURGICAL ONCOLOGY SUMMARY > Surgica
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Year Radical mastectomy (%) Modifie
Page 269 and 270: TELEMEDICINE The prospects for tele
Page 271 and 272: Equipment Energy 50% depth dose App
Page 273 and 274: CANCER EDUCATION IN MEDICAL COURSES
Page 275 and 276: Fig. 6.10 Crystals of cisplatin: mo
Page 277 and 278: Responsiveness Cancer (in decreasin
Page 279 and 280: Most of the world’s most common c
Page 281 and 282: treatment of cancer. The problems l
Page 283 and 284: duction. It is clear that tumour ce
Page 285 and 286: REHABILITATION SUMMARY > Rehabilita
Page 287 and 288: cer and its associated disability.
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES 1. Garden FH, Gillis TA
Page 291 and 292: Cancer pain relief varies and in so
Page 293 and 294: EMERGING ISSUES IN PALLIATIVE CARE
Page 295 and 296: Cancer control The negative impact
Page 297 and 298: priority to cancer control activiti
Page 299 and 300: Prevention of cancer Every country
Page 301 and 302: - Assessing the magnitude of the ca
Page 303 and 304: high-risk women. Further details on
Page 305 and 306: ecords departments are either rudim
Page 307 and 308: THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEAR
Page 309 and 310: in the capitals/urban areas of four
Page 311 and 312: in the overall cancer strategy. WHO
Page 313 and 314: 68% 1955 1975 1995 2025 32% 40% by
Page 315 and 316: Fig. 7.15 A grandfather at work in
Page 317 and 318: Fig. 7.17 Main causes of death in d
Page 319: Contributors and Reviewers Sources
Page 323 and 324: Georgia Moore Centers for Disease C
Page 325 and 326: REVIEWERS Dr Sandra E. Brooks 405 W
Page 327 and 328: 2.53 T. Norat and E. Riboli, IARC 2
Page 329 and 330: Gastroenterology, 118(2 Suppl 1): S
Page 331 and 332: 5.106 & 5.107 IARC/SEER/Osaka Cance
Page 333 and 334: 4.17 R. Lambert, IARC/Adapted from
Page 335 and 336: Brain cancer, see nervous system tu
Page 337 and 338: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 117
Page 339 and 340: Microarray, 240 Micronutrients, 65,
Page 341 and 342: S Saccharin, 64, 85 Salicin, 153 Sa
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