Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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efficiency, regardless of sampler orientation with respect to wind direction: 132 IPM(d ae) = 0.5 (1 + exp[−0.06 d ae]) ± 10; for 0 < d ae ≤ 100 µm Where IPM(d ae) = the collection efficiency and d ae is the aerodynamic diameter in µm. [ACGIH 1999] Respirable particulate matter: Particles that deposit anywhere in the gas-exchange region of the lung. This varies by species, but for humans such matter can be approximated as those particles captured according to the following collection efficiency: RPM(d ae) = IPM(d ae)[1−F(x)] Where F(x) = cumulative probability function of the standardized normal variable, x. x = ln(d ae/4.25 µm)/ln(1.5) [ACGIH 1999] Thoracic particulate matter: Particles that deposit anywhere within the lung airways and the gas-exchange region. This varies by species, but for humans such matter can be approximated as those particles captured according to the following capture efficiency: TPM(d ae) = IPM(d ae)[1−F(x)] Where F(x) = cumulative probability function of the standardized normal variable, x x = ln(d ae/11.64 µm)/ln(1.5) [ACGIH 1999] 6.4 Definitions of General Mineralogical Terms and Specific Minerals Definitions from several sources are provided in the following tables for many of the mineralogical terms used in this Roadmap. Definitions of some terms in this table differ. Also, definitions of these same terms, as used by various authors whose work has been cited in this Roadmap, may vary from those provided here. It is not possible to know and/or provide each of the variant definitions. 6.5 References for Definitions of General Mineralogical Terms, Specific Minerals, and Inhalational Terms ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) [1999]. Particle size–selective sampling for particulate air contaminants. Vincent JH, ed. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH. American Geological Institute [2005]. Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. Neuendorf KKE, Mehl JP, Jackson JA, eds. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. Leake BE, Woolley AR, Arps CES, Birch WD, Gilbert CM, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato A, Kisch HF, Krivovichev VG, Linthout K, Laird J, Mandarino JA, Maresch WV, Nickel EH, Rock NMS, Schumacher JC, Smith DC, Stephenson NCN, Ungaretti L, Whittaker EJW, Youzhi G [1997]. Nomenclature of the amphiboles: report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Can Mineral 35:219–246. NIOSH [1990a]. Comments of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite. OSHA Docket NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
No. H-033d, April 9, 1990 [http://www.cdc. gov/niosh/review/public/099/pdfs/Asbestos- Testimony_April%209_1990.pdf]. Date accessed: December 17, 2009. NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos U.S. Bureau of Mines [1996]. Dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms. 2nd ed [http://xmlwords.infomine.com/USBM.htm]. Date accessed: December 18, 2009. 133
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
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Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
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NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
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of exposure to various types of EMP
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xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
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xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
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controlled, even when exhaustive lo
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2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
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juxtaposition or matrixed together,
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A further source of confusion comes
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Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
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Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
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at home by playing in areas where a
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physician from an occupational and
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of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
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which the deposits have been report
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with the most pronounced excess of
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A limitation of the epidemiological
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CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
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exposure to commercial asbestos, an
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of these populations should be purs
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affect only a small number of obser
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exposed to fibers considerably long
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the extent to which the material ha
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or statistical power to permit a co
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capillaries, whereas insoluble part
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mechanisms and increase the rate of
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can penetrate their interior to pro
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A review for the EPA by an internat
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2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
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of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
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direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
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In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
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Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
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Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
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