Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter MMMF man-made mineral fiber MMVF man-made vitreous fiber mppcf million particles per cubic foot MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NFκB nuclear factor kappa beta NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NMRD nonmalignant respiratory disease NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NORA National Occupational Research Agenda NORMS National Occupational Respiratory Mortality System NTP National Toxicology Program OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PCMe phase contrast microscopy equivalent PCM phase contrast microscopy PEL permissible exposure limit RCF refractory ceramic fiber REL recommended exposure limit ROS reactive oxygen species RTV RT Vanderbilt Company, Inc. SAED selected area X-ray diffraction SEM scanning electron microscopy SMR standardized mortality ratio SO superoxide anion SOD superoxide dismutase SV40 simian virus 40 SVF synthetic vitreous fiber SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotubes TEM transmission electron microscopy TF tissue factor TGF transforming growth factor TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha TWA time-weighted average USGS United States Geological Survey WHO World Health Organization XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Acknowledgments This document was prepared under the aegis of the NIOSH Mineral Fibers Work Group by members of the NIOSH staff. Many internal NIOSH reviewers not listed also provided critical feedback important to the preparation of this Roadmap. The NIOSH Mineral Fibers Work Group acknowledges the contributions of Jimmy Stephens, PhD, former NIOSH Associate Director for Science, who initiated work on this document and articulated many of its most critical issues in an early draft. The NIOSH Mineral Fibers Work Group also acknowledges the contributions of Gregory Meeker, USGS, who participated in discussions of the pertinent mineralogy and mineralogical nomenclature. NIOSH Mineral Fibers Work Group Paul Baron, PhD John Breslin, PhD Robert Castellan, MD, MPH Vincent Castranova, PhD Joseph Fernback, BS Frank Hearl, SMChE Martin Harper, PhD Major Contributors Paul Middendorf, PhD Ralph Zumwalde, MS Robert Castellan, MD, MPH Martin Harper, PhD William Wallace, PhD Peer Reviewers Jeffrey Kohler, PhD Paul Middendorf, PhD, Chair Teresa Schnorr, PhD Paul Schulte, PhD Patricia Sullivan, ScD David Weissman, MD Ralph Zumwalde, MS Leslie Stayner, PhD Vincent Castranova, PhD Frank Hearl, SMChE Patricia Sullivan, ScD NIOSH greatly appreciates the time and efforts of expert peer reviewers who provided comments and suggestions on the initial publicly disseminated draft of the Roadmap (February 7, 2007 version). William Eschenbacher, MD Group Health Associates Morton Lippmann, PhD New York University David Michaels, PhD, MPH George Washington University Franklin Mirer, PhD Hunter College xvii
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 3 and 4: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 5 and 6: Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
Page 9 and 10: NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
Page 11: of exposure to various types of EMP
Page 14 and 15: xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
Page 16 and 17: xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
Page 20 and 21: xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
Page 22 and 23: controlled, even when exhaustive lo
Page 25 and 26: 2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
Page 27 and 28: juxtaposition or matrixed together,
Page 29 and 30: A further source of confusion comes
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
Page 35 and 36: at home by playing in areas where a
Page 37 and 38: physician from an occupational and
Page 39 and 40: of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
Page 41 and 42: which the deposits have been report
Page 43 and 44: with the most pronounced excess of
Page 45 and 46: A limitation of the epidemiological
Page 47 and 48: CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
Page 49 and 50: exposure to commercial asbestos, an
Page 51 and 52: of these populations should be purs
Page 53 and 54: affect only a small number of obser
Page 55 and 56: exposed to fibers considerably long
Page 57 and 58: the extent to which the material ha
Page 59 and 60: or statistical power to permit a co
Page 61 and 62: capillaries, whereas insoluble part
Page 63 and 64: mechanisms and increase the rate of
Page 65 and 66: can penetrate their interior to pro
Page 67 and 68: A review for the EPA by an internat
Page 69 and 70:
2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
Page 71 and 72:
of different types of mineral parti
Page 73 and 74:
secreted by mesothelial cells after
Page 75 and 76:
direct oxidant production, exposure
Page 77 and 78:
widths are greater for the prismati
Page 79 and 80:
concluded that asbestos fibers
Page 81 and 82:
crystal structure, and surface comp
Page 83 and 84:
is calibrated appropriately for NIO
Page 85 and 86:
is made of an area larger than a si
Page 87:
data are needed to more fully asses
Page 90 and 91:
70 III. Develop improved sampling a
Page 92 and 93:
the current paradigm because their
Page 94 and 95:
on the development of disease endpo
Page 96 and 97:
esponse, and time-course data would
Page 98 and 99:
In the second phase of cellular res
Page 100 and 101:
80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
Page 102 and 103:
Research is needed to produce infor
Page 104 and 105:
periods that characterize manifesta
Page 106 and 107:
children in tow, placing both sexes
Page 108 and 109:
88 • Develop, validate, and promo
Page 110 and 111:
elevant, then an exposure assessmen
Page 112 and 113:
ased on counts made by the current
Page 114 and 115:
established precedence in applying
Page 116 and 117:
the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
Page 119 and 120:
4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122:
surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124:
5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126:
Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128:
mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130:
the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132:
Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134:
France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136:
millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138:
Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140:
gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142:
Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144:
Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146:
glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148:
Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149:
Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153:
efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155:
Table 1. Definitions of general min
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Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
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Page 172 and 173:
Page 174:
safer • healthier • people tm D
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