Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals 146 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term Actinolite can occur in both the asbestiform and nonasbestiform mineral habits and is in the mineral series tremolite-ferroactinolite. 1 The asbestiform variety is often referred to as actinolite asbestos. A monoclinic calcic amphibole intermediate between ferroactinolite and tremolite: Ca2(Fe,Mg) 5Si8O22(OH) 2; with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) between 0.5 and 0.9 (otherwise if ≤ 0.5 it is ferroactinolite, and if ≥ 0.9 it is tremolite). A bright-green or grayish-green monoclinic mineral of the amphibole group: Ca2(Fe,Mg) 5(OH) 2[Si8O22]. It may contain manganese. It sometimes occurs in the form of asbestos, and also in fibrous, radiated, or columnar forms in metamorphic rocks (such as schists) and in altered igneous rocks. Actinolite A monoclinic mineral, 2[Ca2(Fe,Mg) 5Si8O22(OH) 2]; in the hornblende series Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) = 0.50 to 0.89 of the amphibole group; forms a series with tremolite; green, bladed, acicular, fibrous (byssolite asbestos), or massive (nephrite jade); prismatic cleavage; in low-grade metamorphic rocks. Amosite is the commercial term derived from the acronym “Asbestos Mines of South Africa.” Amosite is in the mineral series cummingtonite-grunerite, 1 in which both asbestiform and nonasbestiform habits of the mineral can occur. This mineral type is commonly referred to as “brown asbestos.” A commercial term for an iron-rich, asbestiform variety of amphibole occurring in long fibers. It may consist of an orthorhombic amphibole (anthophyllite or gedrite) or of a monoclinic amphibole (cummingtonite or grunerite). Amosite 1. A monoclinic mineral in the cummingtonite-grunerite series. 2 2. A commercial asbestos composed of asbestiform gedrite, grunerite, or anthophyllite of the amphibole group; has typically long fibers. A macroscopically lamellar brown to green monoclinic serpentine mineral, which consists structurally of alternating wave forms in which the 1:1 T-O layer reverses sides and direction of curvature at each wave null point. In most specimens the repeat distance of the wave pattern measures between 25.5 and 51.0 Å: (Mg, Fe2+ ) 3Si2O3(OH) 4. Antigorite A monoclinic mineral, (Mg,Fe) 3Si2O5(OH) 4; kaoliniteserpentine group; polymorphous with clinochrysotile, lizardite, orthochrysotile, parachrysotile; greasy variegated green; used as an ornamental stone. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos Anthophyllite can occur in both the asbestiform and nonasbestiform mineral habits. The asbestiform variety is often referred to as anthophyllite asbestos. An orthorhombic Mg-Fe-Mn- Li amphibole: Mg7Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain divalent iron but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) ≥ 0.50 (otherwise ferroanthophyllite), and with Si > 7.00 (otherwise it is gedrite). A clove-brown to colorless orthorhombic mineral of the amphibole group: (Mg, Fe2+ ) 2(Mg,Fe2+ ) 5Si8O22(OH) 2. It is dimorphous with cummingtonite; with increase in aluminum it grades into gedrite. Anthophyllite occurs in metamorphosed ultrabasic rocks, typically with olivine or talc or in monominerallic aggregates of parallel or radiating asbestiform fibers. It has been mined for asbestos. Anthophyllite An orthorhombic mineral, 4[Mg,Fe) 7Si8O22(OH) 2]; amphibole group; commonly lamellar or fibrous, green to clove-brown; in schists from metamorphosed ultramafic rocks; a nonspinning grade of asbestos. palygorskite Attapulgite A light-green, magnesiumrich clay mineral, named from its occurrence at Attapulgus, GA, where it is quarried as fuller’s earth. Crystallizes in the monoclinic system. An olive-green asbestiform variety of tremolite-actinolite. Byssolite An olive-green asbestiform variety of tremolite-actinolite. A group name for a monoclinic zeolite mineral with the general formula: A • 2-3(Si,Al) 18O36 11H2O, where A = Na, K, or Ca. Clinoptilolite A monoclinic mineral, (Na, K,Ca) 2Al3(Al,Si) 2Si13O36.12 H2O; of the zeolite group. Chrysotile generally occurs segregated as parallel fibers in veins or veinlets and can easily separate into individual fibers or bundles. Often referred to as “white asbestos,” it is used commercially for its good spinnability in the making of textile products, and as an additive in cement’ or friction products. A white, gray, or greenish orthorhombic or monoclinic mineral of the serpentine group: Mg3(OH) 4Si2O5. It is a highly fibrous, silky variety of serpentine, and constitutes the most important type of asbestos. Not to be confused chrysolite. Chrysotile A monoclinic mineral (clinochrysotile), or orthorhombic mineral (orthochrysotile, parachrysotile), [Mg6(OH) 8Si4O10]; serpentine group; forms soft, silky white, yellow, green, or gray flexible fibers as veins in altered ultramafic rocks; the chief asbestos minerals. (Not to be confused with chrysolite.) See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) 147
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
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Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
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NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
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of exposure to various types of EMP
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xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
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xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
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controlled, even when exhaustive lo
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2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
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juxtaposition or matrixed together,
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A further source of confusion comes
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Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
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Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
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at home by playing in areas where a
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physician from an occupational and
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of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
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which the deposits have been report
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with the most pronounced excess of
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A limitation of the epidemiological
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CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
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exposure to commercial asbestos, an
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of these populations should be purs
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affect only a small number of obser
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exposed to fibers considerably long
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the extent to which the material ha
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or statistical power to permit a co
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capillaries, whereas insoluble part
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mechanisms and increase the rate of
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can penetrate their interior to pro
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A review for the EPA by an internat
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2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
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of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
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direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
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In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Research is needed to produce infor
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periods that characterize manifesta
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children in tow, placing both sexes
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88 • Develop, validate, and promo
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elevant, then an exposure assessmen
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ased on counts made by the current
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established precedence in applying
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Page 119 and 120: 4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
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Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 168 and 169: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
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