Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) 150 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term The most abundant form of the trioctahedral serpentine minerals. It crystallizes as flat platelets. Variable amounts of Al substitute for both Mg and Si in the ideal serpentine formula of Mg3Si2O5(OH) 4 to create a better lateral fit between the component octahedral and tetrahedral sheets than found in antigorite and chrysotile. Several polytypes exist: rhombohedral, trigonal, hexagonal, or monoclinic. Lizardite A trigonal and hexagonal mineral, Mg3Si2O5(OH) 4; kaolinite-serpentine group; polymorphous with antigorite, clinochrysotile, orthochrysotile, and parachrysotile; forms a series with nepouite; in platy masses as an alteration product of ultramafic rocks; the most abundant serpentine mineral. A white, yellowish, or pinkish orthorhombic zeolite mineral: (Na • 2,Ca,K2)Al2Si10O24 7H2O. Mordenite A white, yellowish, or pinkish member of the zeolite group of minerals with the formula (Ca,Na2K2)Al2Si10O24.7H2O. (a) A white, grayish, yellowish, or grayish-green chain-structure clay mineral: (Mg,Al) 2Si4O10(OH) •4H2O. It crystallizes in several monoclinic and orthorhombic polytypes. (b) A group name for monoclinic minerals with an analogous composition, but with Mg replaced by Mn or Na, and AL replaced by Fe3+ or Mn3+ . Palygorskite 1. A monoclinic and orthorhombic mineral, (OH) • 2(Mg,Al) 4(Si,Al) 8O20 8H2O; fibrous; in desert soils. 2. A general name for lightweight fibrous clay minerals showing significant substitution of aluminum for magnesium; characterized by distinctive rodlike shapes under an electron microscope. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos A colorless or white monoclinic zeolite mineral. Usually designated as phillipsite – (Ca, K, or Na) depending on which is the dominant exchangeable cation, (Ca,K,Na) • 2(Si,Al) 8O16 6H2O. Phillipsite A monoclinic mineral, (K,Na,Ca) 1- 2(Si,Al) 8O16.6H2O; zeolite group; commonly occurs in complex twinned crystals; in basalt amydules, in pelagic red clays, in palagonite tuffs, in alkaline saline lakes from silicic vitric volcanic ash, in alkaline soils, and around hot springs in Roman baths. A monoclinic sodic-calcic amphibole: Na(CaNa) Mg5Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain divalent iron but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) ≥ 0.5 (otherwise it is ferrorichterite) Richterite A brown, yellow, or rose-red monoclinic member of the amphibole group: Na2CaMg5Si8O22(OH) 2. Cf: soda tremolite A monoclinic sodic amphibole: Na2(Fe2+ 3Fe3+ 2)Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain aluminum in place of trivalent iron but with VIAl < Fe3+ otherwise it is ferroglaucophane, and may also contain sodium and potassium in the A position but with (Na+K) A < 0.50 otherwise it is arfvedsonite, and may also contain magnesium in place of divalent iron but with Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) < 0.5 otherwise it is magnesioriebeckite A dark blue or black monoclinic mineral of the amphibole group: Na2Fe2+ 3Fe3+ 2Si8O22(OH) 2. It occurs as a primary constituent in some acid or sodium-rich igneous rocks. See also: crocidolite Riebeckite A monoclinic mineral, Na2Ca (Mg,Fe2+ ) 5Si8O22(OH) 2 [sic]; amphibole group with Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) = 0 to 0.49 and Fe3+ / (Fe3+ +Al) = 0.7 to 1.0; forms a series with magnesioriebeckite; fibrous; in soda-rich rhyolites, granites, and pegmatites; crocidolite variety is blue asbestos; tiger eye is crocidolite replaced by quartz. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) 151
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
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Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
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NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
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of exposure to various types of EMP
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xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
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xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
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controlled, even when exhaustive lo
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2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
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juxtaposition or matrixed together,
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A further source of confusion comes
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Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
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Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
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at home by playing in areas where a
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physician from an occupational and
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of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
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which the deposits have been report
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with the most pronounced excess of
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A limitation of the epidemiological
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CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
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exposure to commercial asbestos, an
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of these populations should be purs
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affect only a small number of obser
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exposed to fibers considerably long
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the extent to which the material ha
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or statistical power to permit a co
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capillaries, whereas insoluble part
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mechanisms and increase the rate of
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can penetrate their interior to pro
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A review for the EPA by an internat
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2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
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of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
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direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
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In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Research is needed to produce infor
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periods that characterize manifesta
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children in tow, placing both sexes
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88 • Develop, validate, and promo
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elevant, then an exposure assessmen
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ased on counts made by the current
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established precedence in applying
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the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
Page 119 and 120: 4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128: mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
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