Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) 148 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term Crocidolite is from the fibrous habit of the mineral riebeckite and is in the mineral series glaucophane-riebeckite, in which both asbestiform and nonasbestiform habits can occur. This mineral type is commonly referred to as “blue asbestos.” An asbestiform variety of riebeckite; forms lavender-blue, or indigo-blue, or leek-green silky fibers and massive and earthy forms. Also spelled krokidolit. Crocidolite An asbestiform variety of riebeckite; forms lavender-blue, or indigo-blue, or leek-green silky fibers and massive and earthy forms; suited for spinning and weaving. Also spelled krokitolit. A monoclinic Mg-Fe-Mn-Li amphibole: Mg7Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain divalent iron but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) ≥ 0.50 (otherwise it is grunerite) A dark green, brown, gray, or beige monoclinic member of the amphibole group: (Mg,Fe2+ ) 7Si8O22(OH) 2. It is dimorphous with anthophyllite, and typically contains calcium and manganese. Cummingtonite occurs in metamorphosed ironstone, mafic and ultrabasic rocks, some dacites and rhyolites, and as a component of uralite. Its iron-rich variety is grunerite. Cummingtonite A monoclinic mineral, (Fe,Mg) 7Si8O22(OH) 2; amphibole group; has Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) = 0.30 to 0.69; prismatic cleavage; may be asbestiform; in amphibolites and dacites; fibrous varieties (amosite, magnesium rich, and montasite, iron rich) are used as asbestos. Erionite A white hexagonal zeolite mineral. [Ed. Note: Designated as Erionite (Ca,K,Na) depending on the dominant cation substitution. A monoclinic calcic amphibole: Ca2Fe2+ 5Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain magnesium but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) ≤ 0.5 (otherwise it is actinolite). A green-black monoclinic mineral component representing a theoretical end-member of the amphibole group: Ca2Fe2+ 5Si8O22(OH) 2. Syn: ferrotremolite. Ferroactinolite A monoclinic mineral, Ca2(Fe2+ ,Mg) 5Si8O22(OH) 2]; amphibole group; has Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) = 0 to 0.50; forms a series with tremolite and actinolite. Formerly called ferrotremolite. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term Fluoro-edenite A vitreous dark brown monoclinic mineral of the amphibole group: (Na,K) Ca2(Mg,Fe2+ ) 5(Si7Al)O22(F,OH). It represents edenite with F>OH. NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos A monoclinic Mg-Fe-Mn-Li amphibole: Fe2+ 7Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain magnesium but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) < 0.50 (otherwise it is cummingtonite). Grunerite A monoclinic mineral, (Fe,Mg) 7Si8O22(OH) 2; amphibole group; with Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) = 0-0.30; forms series with cummingtonite and magnesiocummingtonite; fibrous or needlelike, commonly in radial aggregates; characteristic of iron formations in the Lake Superior and Labrador Trough regions. Also spelled gruenerite. A 1:1 aluminosilicate clay mineral Al • 2Si2O5(OH) 4 X(H2O) similar to kaolinite but perhaps with some Al(IV) and interlayer cations to compensate for the Al(IV). Probably because of this it is able to incorporate water in the interlayer space [Bailey 1989]. The terms “halloysite (7Å)” and halloysite (10Å)” were recommended for the anhydrous and dihydrate forms, respectively [Brindley and Pegro 1976] 3 ; the term “endellite” should not be used [Bailey et al. 1980]. 4 Halloysite 1. A monoclinic mineral, 2[Al4Si4(OH) 8O10]; kaoliniteserpentine group; made up of slender tubes as shown by electron microscopy; a gangue mineral in veins. 2. Used as a group name to include natural “halloysite minerals” with different levels of hydration, as well as those formed artificially. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) 149
Page 1 and 2:
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 3 and 4:
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 5 and 6:
Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
Page 7 and 8:
Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
Page 9 and 10:
NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
Page 11:
of exposure to various types of EMP
Page 14 and 15:
xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
Page 16 and 17:
xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
Page 18 and 19:
xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
Page 22 and 23:
controlled, even when exhaustive lo
Page 25 and 26:
2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
Page 27 and 28:
juxtaposition or matrixed together,
Page 29 and 30:
A further source of confusion comes
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
Page 35 and 36:
at home by playing in areas where a
Page 37 and 38:
physician from an occupational and
Page 39 and 40:
of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
Page 41 and 42:
which the deposits have been report
Page 43 and 44:
with the most pronounced excess of
Page 45 and 46:
A limitation of the epidemiological
Page 47 and 48:
CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
Page 49 and 50:
exposure to commercial asbestos, an
Page 51 and 52:
of these populations should be purs
Page 53 and 54:
affect only a small number of obser
Page 55 and 56:
exposed to fibers considerably long
Page 57 and 58:
the extent to which the material ha
Page 59 and 60:
or statistical power to permit a co
Page 61 and 62:
capillaries, whereas insoluble part
Page 63 and 64:
mechanisms and increase the rate of
Page 65 and 66:
can penetrate their interior to pro
Page 67 and 68:
A review for the EPA by an internat
Page 69 and 70:
2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
Page 71 and 72:
of different types of mineral parti
Page 73 and 74:
secreted by mesothelial cells after
Page 75 and 76:
direct oxidant production, exposure
Page 77 and 78:
widths are greater for the prismati
Page 79 and 80:
concluded that asbestos fibers
Page 81 and 82:
crystal structure, and surface comp
Page 83 and 84:
is calibrated appropriately for NIO
Page 85 and 86:
is made of an area larger than a si
Page 87:
data are needed to more fully asses
Page 90 and 91:
70 III. Develop improved sampling a
Page 92 and 93:
the current paradigm because their
Page 94 and 95:
on the development of disease endpo
Page 96 and 97:
esponse, and time-course data would
Page 98 and 99:
In the second phase of cellular res
Page 100 and 101:
80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
Page 102 and 103:
Research is needed to produce infor
Page 104 and 105:
periods that characterize manifesta
Page 106 and 107:
children in tow, placing both sexes
Page 108 and 109:
88 • Develop, validate, and promo
Page 110 and 111:
elevant, then an exposure assessmen
Page 112 and 113:
ased on counts made by the current
Page 114 and 115:
established precedence in applying
Page 116 and 117:
the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
Page 119 and 120: 4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128: mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
show all

Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?