Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 1. Definitions of general mineralogical terms (Continued) 142 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term Each of the six commercially exploited asbestiform minerals also occurs in a nonasbestiform mineral habit. These minerals have the same chemical formula as the asbestiform variety, but they have crystal habits where growth proceeds in two or three dimensions instead of one dimension. When milled, these minerals do not break into fibrils but rather into fragments resulting from cleavage along the two or three growth planes. Particles thus formed are referred to as cleavage fragments and can meet the definition of a fiber for regulatory purposes. Nonasbestiform habit [crystal] A crystal form having three, four, six, eight, or twelve faces, with parallel intersection edges, and which is open only at the two ends of the axis parallel to the intersection edges of the faces. Prism 1. An open crystal form with faces and their intersecting edges parallel to the principle crystallographic axis. Prisms have three (trigonal), four (tetragonal), six (ditrigonal or hexagonal), eight (ditetragonal), or twelve (dihexagonal) faces. The ninesided prisms of tourmaline are a combination of trigonal and hexagonal prisms. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 1. Definitions of general mineralogical terms (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos [crystal] Said of a crystal that shows one dimension markedly longer than the other two. Prismatic 2. Pertaining to a crystallographic prism. 3. Descriptive of a crystal with one dimension markedly longer than the other two. 4. Descriptive of two directions of cleavage. The serpentine minerals belong to the phyllosilicate group of minerals. The commercially important variety is chrysotile, which originates in the asbestiform habit. Antigorite and lizardite are two other types of serpentine minerals that are structurally distinct. The fibrous form of antigorite is called picrolite. A rock consisting almost wholly of serpentine-group minerals, e.g., antigorite, chrysotile, or lizardite, derived from the hydration of ferromagnesian silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. Accessory chlorite, talc, and magnetite may be present. Serpentine Minerals See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) 143
Page 1 and 2:
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 3 and 4:
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 5 and 6:
Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
Page 7 and 8:
Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
Page 9 and 10:
NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
Page 11:
of exposure to various types of EMP
Page 14 and 15:
xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
Page 16 and 17:
xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
Page 18 and 19:
xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
Page 22 and 23:
controlled, even when exhaustive lo
Page 25 and 26:
2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
Page 27 and 28:
juxtaposition or matrixed together,
Page 29 and 30:
A further source of confusion comes
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
Page 35 and 36:
at home by playing in areas where a
Page 37 and 38:
physician from an occupational and
Page 39 and 40:
of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
Page 41 and 42:
which the deposits have been report
Page 43 and 44:
with the most pronounced excess of
Page 45 and 46:
A limitation of the epidemiological
Page 47 and 48:
CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
Page 49 and 50:
exposure to commercial asbestos, an
Page 51 and 52:
of these populations should be purs
Page 53 and 54:
affect only a small number of obser
Page 55 and 56:
exposed to fibers considerably long
Page 57 and 58:
the extent to which the material ha
Page 59 and 60:
or statistical power to permit a co
Page 61 and 62:
capillaries, whereas insoluble part
Page 63 and 64:
mechanisms and increase the rate of
Page 65 and 66:
can penetrate their interior to pro
Page 67 and 68:
A review for the EPA by an internat
Page 69 and 70:
2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
Page 71 and 72:
of different types of mineral parti
Page 73 and 74:
secreted by mesothelial cells after
Page 75 and 76:
direct oxidant production, exposure
Page 77 and 78:
widths are greater for the prismati
Page 79 and 80:
concluded that asbestos fibers
Page 81 and 82:
crystal structure, and surface comp
Page 83 and 84:
is calibrated appropriately for NIO
Page 85 and 86:
is made of an area larger than a si
Page 87:
data are needed to more fully asses
Page 90 and 91:
70 III. Develop improved sampling a
Page 92 and 93:
the current paradigm because their
Page 94 and 95:
on the development of disease endpo
Page 96 and 97:
esponse, and time-course data would
Page 98 and 99:
In the second phase of cellular res
Page 100 and 101:
80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
Page 102 and 103:
Research is needed to produce infor
Page 104 and 105:
periods that characterize manifesta
Page 106 and 107:
children in tow, placing both sexes
Page 108 and 109:
88 • Develop, validate, and promo
Page 110 and 111:
elevant, then an exposure assessmen
Page 112 and 113: ased on counts made by the current
Page 114 and 115: established precedence in applying
Page 116 and 117: the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
Page 119 and 120: 4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128: mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
show all

Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?