Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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Table 1. Definitions of general mineralogical terms (Continued) 140 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term A homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline substance. Minerals have distinct crystal structures and variation in chemical composition, and are given individual names. 1. A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms and characteristic chemical composition, resulting in distinctive physical properties. Mineral 1. A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. CF: metallic. 2. In miner’s phraseology, ore. See also: ore. 2. An element or chemical compound that is crystalline and formed as a result of geologic processes. Materials formed by geological processes from artificial substances are no longer accepted (after 1995) as new minerals (Nickel, 1995). Mercury, a liquid, is a traditional exception to the crystallinity rule. Water is not a mineral (although ice is), and crystalline biological and artificial materials are not minerals (cf. mineraloid). 3. Any naturally formed inorganic material, i.e., a member of the mineral kingdom as opposed to the plant or animal kingdom. 3. See: mineral species; mineral series; mineral group. 4. Any natural resource extracted from the earth for human use; e.g., ores, salts, coal, or petroleum. 5. In flotation, valuable mineral constituents of ore as opposed to gangue minerals. 6. Any inorganic plant or animal nutrient. 7. Any member of the mineral kingdom as opposed to the animal and plant kingdoms. 7 See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 1. Definitions of general mineralogical terms (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos Mineral series A mineral series includes two or more members of a mineral group in which the cations in secondary structural position are similar in chemical properties and can be present in variable but frequently limited ratios (e.g., cummingtoniteactinolite). The current trend in referring to a mineral series is to simplify long series names by using the mineral name of only one (end or intermediate) member (i.e., tremolite-actinolite-ferroactinolite). Mineral variety The variety distinguishes minerals that are conspicuously different from (1) those considered normal within the common crystallization I habits, polytypes, and other structural variants, and (2) those with different physical properties such as color. Varieties are named by mineralogists, miners, gemologists, manufacturers of industrial products, and mineral collectors. [crystal]: A needle-shaped or acicular mineral crystal. Needle 5. A needle-shaped or acicular mineral crystal. See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) 141
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
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Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
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NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
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of exposure to various types of EMP
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xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
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xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
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controlled, even when exhaustive lo
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2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
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juxtaposition or matrixed together,
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A further source of confusion comes
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Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
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Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
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at home by playing in areas where a
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physician from an occupational and
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of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
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which the deposits have been report
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with the most pronounced excess of
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A limitation of the epidemiological
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CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
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exposure to commercial asbestos, an
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of these populations should be purs
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affect only a small number of obser
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exposed to fibers considerably long
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the extent to which the material ha
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or statistical power to permit a co
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capillaries, whereas insoluble part
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mechanisms and increase the rate of
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can penetrate their interior to pro
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A review for the EPA by an internat
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2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
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of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
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direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
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In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Research is needed to produce infor
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periods that characterize manifesta
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children in tow, placing both sexes
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88 • Develop, validate, and promo
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Page 119 and 120: 4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122: surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128: mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 174: safer • healthier • people tm D
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