Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD University of Vermont L. Christine Oliver, MD, MPH Harvard School of Medicine William N. Rom, MD, MPH New York University Brad Van Gosen, MS U.S. Geological Survey Ann Wylie, PhD University of Maryland Institutes of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences NIOSH appreciates the time and efforts of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee members, consultant, and study staff who contributed to the development of the NAS report A Review of the NIOSH Roadmap for Research on Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles on the January 2009 version of the draft Roadmap. The individuals contributing to the report are identified in the NAS document. Document History Throughout its development, this Roadmap has undergone substantial public comment and scientific peer review with subsequent revision. All external input has been considered and addressed, as appropriate, to ultimately produce this final version of the Roadmap. A listing of the various draft versions disseminated for public comment and/or scientific peer review is presented here. February 2007—Draft entitled Asbestos and Other Mineral Fibers: A Roadmap for Scientific Research was disseminated for public comment and scientific peer review. June 2008—Draft entitled Revised Draft NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin— Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research was disseminated for public comment. January 2009—Draft entitled Revised Draft NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin— Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongated Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research was submitted to the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council of the National Academies of Science for scientific review. January 2010—Draft entitled Draft NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin—Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research—Version 4 was disseminated for public comment. March 2011—Final Version of NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin—Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research was published.
1 Introduction Many workers are exposed to a broad spectrum of inhalable particles in their places of work. These particles vary in origin, size, shape, chemistry, and surface properties. Considerable research over many years has been undertaken to understand the potential health effects of these particles and the particle characteristics that are most important in conferring their toxicity. Elongate particles* (EPs) have been the subject of much research, and the major focus of research on EPs has related to asbestos fibers, a group of elongate mineral particles (EMPs) that have long been known to cause serious disease when inhaled. Because of the demonstrated health effects of asbestos, research attention has also been extended not only to other EMPs, but also to synthetic vitreous fibers which have dimensions similar to asbestos fibers and, more recently, to engineered carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. Although nonmineral EPs are of interest, they are not the subject of this Roadmap, which focuses on EMPs. Occupational health policies and associated federal regulations controlling occupational exposure to airborne asbestos fibers have * A glossary of technical terms is provided in Section 6. It includes definitions of terms from several standard sources in Tables 1 and 2. In general, where a term is used in this Roadmap the definitions in Tables 1 and 2 under the column “NIOSH 1990” are intended unless otherwise specified. Readers should be aware that, in reviewing publications cited in this Roadmap, it was not always possible to know the meaning of technical terms as used by the authors of those publications. Thus, some imprecision of terminology carries over into the literature review contained in this Roadmap. been in existence for decades. Current regulations have been based on studies of the health effects of exposures encountered in the commercial exploitation and use of asbestos fibers. Nevertheless, important uncertainties remain to be resolved to fully inform possible revision of existing federal policies and/or development of new federal policies to protect workers from health effects caused by occupational exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. Health effects caused by other exposures to EMPs have not been studied as thoroughly as health effects caused by exposures in the commercial exploitation and use of asbestos fibers. Miners and others exposed to asbestiform amphibole fibers associated with vermiculite from a mine near Libby, Montana, may not have been exposed to commercial asbestos fibers, but the adverse health outcomes they have experienced as a result of their exposure have indicated that those EMPs are similarly toxic. Other hardrock miner populations face uncertain but potential risk associated with exposures to EMPs that could be generated during mining and processing of nonasbestiform amphiboles. Studies of human populations exposed to airborne fibers of erionite, a fibrous mineral that is neither asbestos nor amphibole, have documented high rates of malignant mesothelioma (a cancer most commonly associated with exposure to asbestos fibers). Further research is warranted to understand how properties of EMPs determine toxicity so that the nature and magnitude of any potential toxicity associated with an EMP to which workers are exposed can be readily predicted and 1
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 3 and 4: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 5 and 6: Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
Page 9 and 10: NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
Page 11: of exposure to various types of EMP
Page 14 and 15: xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
Page 16 and 17: xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
Page 18 and 19: xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
Page 22 and 23: controlled, even when exhaustive lo
Page 25 and 26: 2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
Page 27 and 28: juxtaposition or matrixed together,
Page 29 and 30: A further source of confusion comes
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
Page 35 and 36: at home by playing in areas where a
Page 37 and 38: physician from an occupational and
Page 39 and 40: of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
Page 41 and 42: which the deposits have been report
Page 43 and 44: with the most pronounced excess of
Page 45 and 46: A limitation of the epidemiological
Page 47 and 48: CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
Page 49 and 50: exposure to commercial asbestos, an
Page 51 and 52: of these populations should be purs
Page 53 and 54: affect only a small number of obser
Page 55 and 56: exposed to fibers considerably long
Page 57 and 58: the extent to which the material ha
Page 59 and 60: or statistical power to permit a co
Page 61 and 62: capillaries, whereas insoluble part
Page 63 and 64: mechanisms and increase the rate of
Page 65 and 66: can penetrate their interior to pro
Page 67 and 68: A review for the EPA by an internat
Page 69 and 70: 2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
Page 71 and 72:
of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
Page 75 and 76:
direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
Page 98 and 99:
In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Research is needed to produce infor
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periods that characterize manifesta
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children in tow, placing both sexes
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88 • Develop, validate, and promo
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elevant, then an exposure assessmen
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ased on counts made by the current
Page 114 and 115:
established precedence in applying
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the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
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4 The Path Forward Developing an in
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surveillance investigations. By hav
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5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
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Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
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mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
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the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132:
Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134:
France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136:
millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138:
Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
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gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
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Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
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Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
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glass: pleural response in the rat
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Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
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Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
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efficiency, regardless of sampler o
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Table 1. Definitions of general min
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Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
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safer • healthier • people tm D
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