Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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controlled, even when exhaustive long-term studies of that particular EMP have not been carried out. This Roadmap has been prepared and is being disseminated with the intent of motivating eventual development and implementation of a coordinated, interdisciplinary research program that can effectively address key remaining issues relating to health hazards associated with exposure to asbestos fibers and other EMPs. Section 2, Overview of Current Issues, provides an overview of available scientific information and identifies important issues that need to be resolved before recommendations for occupational exposure to airborne asbestos fibers and related EMPs can be improved and before recommendations for occupational exposure to other EMPs can be developed. The nature of occupational exposures to asbestos has changed over the last several decades. Once dominated by chronic exposures in asbestos textile mills, friction product manufacturing, cement pipe fabrication, and insulation manufacture and installation, occupational exposures to asbestos in the United States now primarily occur during maintenance activities or remediation of buildings containing asbestos. OSHA has estimated that 1.3 million workers in general industry continue to be exposed to asbestos. In 2002 NIOSH estimated that about 44,000 mine workers might be exposed to asbestos fibers or amphibole cleavage fragments during the mining of some mineral commodities. These current occupational exposure scenarios frequently involve short-term, intermittent exposures, and proportionately fewer long fibers than workers were exposed to in the past. The generally lower current exposures and predominance of short fibers give added significance to the question of whether or not there are thresholds for EMP exposure level and EMP length 2 below which workers would incur no demonstrable risk of material health impairment. The large number of potentially exposed workers and these changed exposure scenarios also give rise to the need to better understand whether appropriate protection is provided by the current occupational exposure recommendations and regulations. In addition, limited information is currently available on exposures to, and health effects of, other EMPs. Section 3, Framework for Research, provides a general framework for research needed to address the key issues. NIOSH envisions that this general framework will serve as a basis for a future interdisciplinary research program carried out by a variety of organizations to (1) elucidate exposures to EMPs, (2) identify any adverse health effects caused by these exposures, and (3) determine the influence of size, shape, and other physical and chemical characteristics of EMPs on human health. Findings from this research would provide a basis for determining which EMPs should be included in recommendations to protect workers from hazardous occupational exposures along with appropriate exposure limits. A fully informed strategy for prioritizing research on EMPs will be based on a systematic collection and evaluation of available information on occupational exposures to EMPs. Section 4, The Path Forward, broadly outlines a proposed structure for development and oversight of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary research program. Key to this approach will be (1) the active involvement of stakeholders representing parties with differing views, (2) expert study groups specifying and guiding various components of the research program, and (3) a multidisciplinary group providing careful ongoing review and oversight to ensure relevance, coordination, and impact of the overall NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
esearch program. NIOSH does not intend this (or any other) section of this Roadmap to be prescriptive, so detailed research aims, specific research priorities, and funding considerations have intentionally not been specified. Rather, it NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos is expected that these more detailed aspects of the program will be most effectively developed with collaborative input from scientists, policy experts, and managers from various agencies, as well as from other interested stakeholders. 3
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 3 and 4: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
Page 5 and 6: Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
Page 9 and 10: NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
Page 11: of exposure to various types of EMP
Page 14 and 15: xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
Page 16 and 17: xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
Page 18 and 19: xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
Page 20 and 21: xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
Page 25 and 26: 2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
Page 27 and 28: juxtaposition or matrixed together,
Page 29 and 30: A further source of confusion comes
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
Page 35 and 36: at home by playing in areas where a
Page 37 and 38: physician from an occupational and
Page 39 and 40: of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
Page 41 and 42: which the deposits have been report
Page 43 and 44: with the most pronounced excess of
Page 45 and 46: A limitation of the epidemiological
Page 47 and 48: CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
Page 49 and 50: exposure to commercial asbestos, an
Page 51 and 52: of these populations should be purs
Page 53 and 54: affect only a small number of obser
Page 55 and 56: exposed to fibers considerably long
Page 57 and 58: the extent to which the material ha
Page 59 and 60: or statistical power to permit a co
Page 61 and 62: capillaries, whereas insoluble part
Page 63 and 64: mechanisms and increase the rate of
Page 65 and 66: can penetrate their interior to pro
Page 67 and 68: A review for the EPA by an internat
Page 69 and 70: 2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
Page 71 and 72: of different types of mineral parti
Page 73 and 74:
secreted by mesothelial cells after
Page 75 and 76:
direct oxidant production, exposure
Page 77 and 78:
widths are greater for the prismati
Page 79 and 80:
concluded that asbestos fibers
Page 81 and 82:
crystal structure, and surface comp
Page 83 and 84:
is calibrated appropriately for NIO
Page 85 and 86:
is made of an area larger than a si
Page 87:
data are needed to more fully asses
Page 90 and 91:
70 III. Develop improved sampling a
Page 92 and 93:
the current paradigm because their
Page 94 and 95:
on the development of disease endpo
Page 96 and 97:
esponse, and time-course data would
Page 98 and 99:
In the second phase of cellular res
Page 100 and 101:
80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
Page 102 and 103:
Research is needed to produce infor
Page 104 and 105:
periods that characterize manifesta
Page 106 and 107:
children in tow, placing both sexes
Page 108 and 109:
88 • Develop, validate, and promo
Page 110 and 111:
elevant, then an exposure assessmen
Page 112 and 113:
ased on counts made by the current
Page 114 and 115:
established precedence in applying
Page 116 and 117:
the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
Page 119 and 120:
4 The Path Forward Developing an in
Page 121 and 122:
surveillance investigations. By hav
Page 123 and 124:
5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126:
Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128:
mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130:
the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132:
Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134:
France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136:
millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138:
Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140:
gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142:
Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144:
Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146:
glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148:
Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149:
Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153:
efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155:
Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174:
safer • healthier • people tm D
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