Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the ...

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Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) 152 Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term An orthorhombic chain-structure clay mineral: Mg • 4Si6O15(OH) 2 6H2O. It is a white to light gray or light yellow material, extremely lightweight, absorbent, and compact, that is found chiefly in Asia Minor and is used for making tobacco pipes, cigar and cigarette holders and ornamental carvings. Sepiolite occurs in veins with calcite, and in alluvial deposits formed from weathering of serpentine masses. Sepiolite A monoclinic mineral, Mg4Si6O15(OH) 2.6H2O; soft; sp gr, 2, but fibrous dry masses float on water; occurs in veins in calcite and in alluvial deposits formed from weathering of serpentine masses, chiefly in Asia Minor, as meerschaum; may be used in making pipes, ornamental carvings. Tremolite can occur in both the asbestiform and nonasbestiform mineral habits and is in the mineral series tremoliteferroactinolite. 1 The asbestiform variety is often referred to as tremolite asbestos. A monoclinic calcic amphibole: Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain divalent iron but with Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) ≥0.9 (otherwise it is actinolite) A white to dark-gray monoclinic mineral of the amphibole group: Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH) 2. It has varying amounts of iron, and may contain manganese and chromium. Tremolite occurs in long blade-shaped or short stout prismatic crystals and also in columnar, fibrous, or granular masses or compact aggregates, generally in metamorphic rocks such as crystalline dolomitic limestones and talc schists. It is a constituent of much commercial talc. Tremolite A monoclinic mineral, 2[Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH) 2]; amphibole group with magnesium replaced by iron, and silicon by aluminum toward actinolite; white to green, long-bladed or stout prismatic crystals, may show columnar, fibrous, or granular masses or compact aggregates; in low-grade metamorphic rocks such as dolomitic limestones and talc schists; the nephrite variety is the gemstone jade; the asbestiform variety is byssolite. A monoclinic sodic-calcic amphibole: (CaNa)Mg4(Al,Fe3+ ) Si8O22(OH) 2; may also contain divalent iron but with Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+ ) ≥ 0.5 (otherwise it is ferrorichterite) Winchite A blue or gray monoclinic member of the amphibole group: NaCa(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH) 2 See footnotes at end of table. (Continued) NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos
Table 2. Definitions of specific minerals (Continued) Glossary of Geology, 5th ed. [American Geological Institute 2005] Leake et al. [1997] NIOSH [1990a] Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms [U.S. Bureau of Mines 1996] [Note: Footnotes identify the Primary Source Citation for the definition] Term NIOSH CIB 62 • Asbestos A triclinic or monoclinic chain silicate mineral of the pyroxenoid type: CaSiO3. It [in the original source, a word is missing here.] dimorphous with parawollastonite. Wollastonite is found in contactmetamorphosed limestones, and occurs usually in cleavable masses or sometimes in tabular twinned crystals; it may be white, gray, brown, red, or yellow. It is not a pyroxene. Several polytypes have been characterized. Symbol: Wo. Wollastonite A triclinic mineral of the pyroxenoid group: CaSiO3. It is dimorphous with parawollastonite. Wollastonite is found in contactmetamorphosed limestones, and occurs usually in cleavable masses or sometimes in tabular twinned crystals; it may be white, gray, brown, red, or yellow. It is not a pyroxene. Symbol, Wo. 1Mineral series such as cummingtonite-grunerite and tremolite-ferroactinolite are created when one cation is replaced by another in a crystal structure without significantly altering the structure. There may be a gradation in the structure in some series, and minor changes in physical characteristics may occur with elemental substitution. Usually a series has two end members with an intermediate substitutional compound being separately named, or just qualified by being referred to as members of the series. Members of the tremolite-ferroactinolite series are hydroxylated calcium-magnesium, magnesium-iron, and iron silicates, with the intermediate member of this series being named actinolite. 2Sinclair WE [1959]. Asbestos: its origin, production and utilization. Mining, 2nd ed. London: Publications, Ltd. pp. 512. 3Brindley GW, Pedro G [1976]. Meeting of the nomenclature committee of AIPEA; Mexico City, July 12, 1975. AIPEA Newsletter 12:5–6. 4 The original source does not provide the full reference for this citation. 153
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 62 As
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Foreword Asbestos has been a highly
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Executive Summary In the 1970s, NIO
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NIOSH recognizes that its 1990 desc
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of exposure to various types of EMP
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xii 2.9.3 Biopersistence and other
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xiv List of Figures Figure 1. U.S.
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xvi MAPK mitogen-activated protein
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xviii Brooke Mossman, PhD Universit
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controlled, even when exhaustive lo
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2 Overview of Current Issues 2.1 Ba
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juxtaposition or matrixed together,
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A further source of confusion comes
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Figure 2. Asbestos: Annual geometri
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Figure 3. Number of asbestosis deat
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at home by playing in areas where a
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physician from an occupational and
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of airborne asbestos fibers was fir
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which the deposits have been report
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with the most pronounced excess of
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A limitation of the epidemiological
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CI = 1.8-6.7) was noted in the earl
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exposure to commercial asbestos, an
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of these populations should be purs
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affect only a small number of obser
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exposed to fibers considerably long
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the extent to which the material ha
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or statistical power to permit a co
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capillaries, whereas insoluble part
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mechanisms and increase the rate of
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can penetrate their interior to pro
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A review for the EPA by an internat
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2.9.4.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species A
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of different types of mineral parti
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secreted by mesothelial cells after
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direct oxidant production, exposure
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widths are greater for the prismati
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concluded that asbestos fibers
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crystal structure, and surface comp
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is calibrated appropriately for NIO
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is made of an area larger than a si
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data are needed to more fully asses
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70 III. Develop improved sampling a
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the current paradigm because their
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on the development of disease endpo
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esponse, and time-course data would
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In the second phase of cellular res
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80 • Investigate mechanisms of EM
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Research is needed to produce infor
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periods that characterize manifesta
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children in tow, placing both sexes
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88 • Develop, validate, and promo
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elevant, then an exposure assessmen
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ased on counts made by the current
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established precedence in applying
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the mechanisms by which asbestos fi
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4 The Path Forward Developing an in
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Page 123 and 124: 5 References Aadchi S, Yoshida S, K
Page 125 and 126: Berman DW, Crump KS [2008b]. A meta
Page 127 and 128: mineral fiber number and epidemiolo
Page 129 and 130: the United States, 1968-81. J Natl
Page 131 and 132: Greim HA [2004]. Research needs to
Page 133 and 134: France: International Agency for Re
Page 135 and 136: millers in New York State. Arch Env
Page 137 and 138: Mandel J (mand0125@umn.edu) [2008].
Page 139 and 140: gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-3828.pdf]. Date
Page 141 and 142: Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest Rad
Page 143 and 144: Potter RM [2000]. Method for determ
Page 145 and 146: glass: pleural response in the rat
Page 147 and 148: Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Robert S, S
Page 149: Yano E, Wang Z, Wang X [2001]. Canc
Page 152 and 153: efficiency, regardless of sampler o
Page 154 and 155: Table 1. Definitions of general min
Page 166 and 167: Table 2. Definitions of specific mi
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