Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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Table IV.3. Major national poverty alleviation schemes and their focus Programme/ scheme Employment Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) Nutrition Targeted Public Distribution System Integrated Child Development Services Education Mid-day meals scheme Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Health National Rural Health Mission Infrastructure and basic services Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 104 Focus of the scheme Legal guarantee for 100 days of employment every year to adult members of any rural household willing to do unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. Employment will be given locally within 15 days of application; if not, daily unemployment allowance will be paid. For 2011-12, the government has provided an outlay of Rs.400 000 m. National food security system that distributes subsidized food and non-food items such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene to India’s poor through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) established in several states across the country.The outlay provided for PDS in 2011-12 is about Rs. 605 730 million. To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age -group 0-6 years; to reduce the incidence of mortality and malnutrition. The services include supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-up, pre-school non-formal education and health education. To improve the nutritional status of children in primary classes and encourage them to attend school regularly, and providing nutritional support to children. 'Education for All' movement for achievement of universalization of elementary education, making free and compulsory education to children of ages 6-14. The objectives include bringing all children to school to complete five years of primary schooling. To reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR); provide universal access to public health services such as women’ health, child health, immunization, and nutrition; provide access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare etc To provide connectivity to the rural areas with a population of 500 persons and above. Rural roads promote access to economic and social services, and increased agricultural income. Indira Awaas Yojana To help in the construction of houses for the ST/SC, freed bonded laborers, minorities in the below poverty line category and other below poverty line non-SC/ST rural households. Integrated Watershed Management Programme To restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water. Enables multi-cropping and the introduction of diverse agro-based activities. Sources: Web sites of various Ministries of the Government of India. Although the economy grew at about 8% during the last eight years, it is widely acknowledged that lack of inclusiveness has contributed to substantial chronic poverty and at its core are strong geographical and sociological dimensions. While GDP has more than doubled since 1991, malnutrition indicators have improved by only a few percentage points. Per capita availability and consumption of food grains has declined since 1996. The percentage of underweight children remained stagnant between 1998 and 2006 and the calorie consumption of the bottom half of the population has consistently declined since 1987. There are also massive unmet needs in addressing health problems. The performance on gender equality and child and maternal mortality has been disappointing, although the MMR has declined significantly (Saxena 2010 and Hogan et. al. 2010 in CPRC 2011). There are several reasons underlying this performance. These include lack of good governance and decentralization, faulty program designs, difficulty in accurately identifying poor households, lack of effective delivery systems, corruption, inadequate capacities, poor awareness and low empowerment of the people. Historically, forestry issues have never been high on the national political agenda and, consequently, in the national poverty alleviation strategies. Forestry coverage is limited within most of the Poverty
Reduction Strategy papers. Furthermore, the national poverty reduction schemes are predominantly universal. There is also no serious exploration of the links between poverty and forestry sector processes. If at all poverty issues are dealt in the forestry sector, these are incidental, superficial, and simplistic with unfounded generalizations. National Forest Policy Pre-independence (before 1947) forest policies were marked by a combination of high dependence on extensive regulations, treating forests as a resource to be exploited by the state. The dominant concern was to manage the forest resources of the country primarily for meeting the colonial needs, with little concern for the forest communities who made their living out of their forest resources. Commercial exploitation of timber to feed the British industrial development and the expansion of colonial rule were paramount. This led to conflicts between forest-dwelling communities and the ruling classes for rights over the natural resources (MoEF 2010). Independent India’s first Forest Policy of 1952 recognized the protective role of forests and stipulated that the country should aim to bring one-third of its total land area under forests. Later, recognizing the ecological importance of forests, three key initiatives were adopted between 1952 and 1988: 1. the enactment of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 regulating conversion of forests for non-forestry uses, 2. the recommendation of the National Commission on Agriculture in 1976 for large-scale plantations on degraded forest areas and social forestry to meet the timber and firewood requirements, and, 3. the enactment of the 1972 Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act providing impetus to wildlife conservation. The current forest policy is the National Forest Policy 1988 (NFP 1988), which introduced the peoplecentric approach in the realm of forest management. NFP 1988, while espousing elements of sustainable forest management, also lays emphasis on strengthening the role of communities in forestry stewardship, representing a major shift in forest management intentions (World Bank 2006). It changed the focus of forest management from a high “timber and revenue orientation” to ensuring “environmental stability, maintenance of ecological balance and meet[ing] the subsistence requirements of local people” by strengthening the people-forest link (Nayak 2002). In spite of the laudable intentions, the implementation of this policy could not fully succeed in altering the concerns of top-down governance and alienation of forest-dwelling communities, and in meeting the growing needs of forest communities. The 1990s saw the emergence of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in the country, encouraging State Forest Departments (SFD) to involve communities directly in forest management. JFM now is the principal forest management strategy in India with a focus on people-centric conservation efforts. The salient features of the program include access to forest lands and usufruct benefits to the villagers organized into a village association. Beneficiaries are given the rights to non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and a portion of the proceeds from the sale of timber, with the responsibility to protect the designated forest area. The spread of JFM, despite several shortcomings, helped in regenerating forests and sharing the benefits with communities. However, some argue that in most of the states, the program was extremely dependent on government funding6, giving rise to serious questions about its sustainability. It is also argued that JFM increasingly fell into the trap of project-mode implementation, luring international funders and external assistance to support large forestry JFM projects (Nayak 2002). The ‘jointness’ in JFM is seriously limited in the field and the day-to-day decisions in many states that are, by and large, controlled by the local forest official. The silvicultural decisions rest with the SFDs and their focus remains on tree planting/regeneration, thereby adversely affecting groups such as graziers, and failing to meet even firewood or NWFP augmentation goals (MoEF 2010). 6 Examples are the funding under the National Afforestation Programme, Externally Aided Programmes and State Plan schemes. 105
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Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
Page 70 and 71: Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
Page 72 and 73: eserved forests and ensure their ap
Page 74 and 75: It is generally accepted that the e
Page 76 and 77: contributions to rural livelihoods,
Page 78 and 79: Case Study 1: Community forest in P
Page 80 and 81: she can buy a total of two to three
Page 82 and 83: Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
Page 84 and 85: Capacity building for CF members Ed
Page 86 and 87: After the integration of the Khmer
Page 88 and 89: Livelihood situation after concessi
Page 90 and 91: for institutional reforms. Based on
Page 92 and 93: Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
Page 94 and 95: Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
Page 96 and 97: During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
Page 98 and 99: nationwide to contract the collecti
Page 100 and 101: alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
Page 102 and 103: areas. All these create pressure on
Page 104 and 105: Table III.5. List of economic fores
Page 106 and 107: stations, and others. In addition,
Page 108 and 109: farmers to increase to over US$ 310
Page 110 and 111: year and his national special care
Page 112 and 113: enough capital to invest, leading t
Page 115 and 116: Introduction IV Assessment of the C
Page 117 and 118: value of forests reflected in the S
Page 119: Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
Page 123 and 124: Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
Page 125 and 126: Fodder from the forest provided abo
Page 127 and 128: landless and marginal landholding h
Page 129 and 130: 70% was exported. It is estimated t
Page 131 and 132: Table IV.5. Registered projects und
Page 133 and 134: Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
Page 135 and 136: our land.” All agree that forests
Page 137 and 138: The forest around the village was d
Page 139 and 140: Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
Page 141 and 142: A popular tourist attraction in Ker
Page 143 and 144: Innovative mechanism for resource g
Page 145 and 146: Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
Page 147 and 148: Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
Page 149 and 150: their livelihoods. Resolution of po
Page 151 and 152: Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
Page 153 and 154: Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
Page 155: a resolution to control seasonal fi
Page 158 and 159: (MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
Page 160 and 161: is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
Page 162 and 163: that the development of the Kaliman
Page 164 and 165: plantations on community lands. How
Page 166 and 167: as the subsistence, livelihood and
Page 168 and 169: As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
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Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
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RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
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Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
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markets and basic services like hea
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Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
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those in the rural areas, to mobili
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Past and Current Contribution of Fo
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Village industries Village industri
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Government continues to be the prim
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Carbon payments PNG does not have a
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annually and harvest and process an
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The project generally improved the
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and no follow-up was done to sustai
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Forestry being a renewable resource
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Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
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Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
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Livelihood and poverty context in t
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and basic services like health and
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services and quality of human devel
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CBFM is still recognized as a major
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In many parts of the country, colle
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Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
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Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
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CARAGA region in the Philippines is
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eduction in the log supply contract
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viable spheres of production for sm
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3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
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Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
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Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
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With the country’s remarkable gai
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Table X.3. Government agencies invo
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Table X.5. Registration of the poor
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poor. What reshaping meant in pract
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Community title The solutions to pr
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for commercial uses up to 2009 were
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demarcated the boundary. At present
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was not degraded forest but that it
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to the livelihoods of rural people.
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• No tree cutting is allowed in t
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“I have never regretted all the f
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costs. The service providers were i
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1. safeguarding and restoring the n
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is, and their right to participate.
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Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
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Office of National Economic and Soc
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mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
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However, while overall poverty leve
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one of the best forms of management
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26.2% of the total area of forest l
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Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
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average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
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River delta and Mekong River delta
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However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
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The Contribution of Traditional Com
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Fuel wood collected from forests is
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The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
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are provided both input and output
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the PES fund per year, compared to
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Viet Nam’s forestry development s
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Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
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Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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