Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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one of the best forms of management: it is efficient, cost-effective, and is advocated by local people (Nguyen 2003) 5 . Therefore, it should be promoted in the current social and economic context. The reasons are two-fold. First, local populations have a greater interest in the sustainable use of resources than the State or corporate managers. They are more aware of the intricacies of local ecological processes and practices, and they are more able to effectively manage those resources through local or “traditional” forms of access (Tsing et. al. 1999). Second, the government cannot afford to employ local people to manage forests on a long-term basis and the present state forest management is encountering great difficulties in remote areas (MARD 2001). Experience has shown that communities with a long tradition in forest management are able to use, conserve, and protect the forests well. Forested areas used and managed by village communities consist of sacred forests, critical watershed 6 areas, and cemetery forests of ethnic groups. In some areas, forests previously managed by cooperatives were transferred to village communities after the cooperatives were dissolved (MARD 2001). Traditional forests managed by communities can provide timber (though in fairly limited quantity that can be used for building and fuel) and NWFPs. Traditional community forests can provide timber for public structural needs. Forest food sources are most extensively used to help meet dietary shortfalls during certain times of the year. Trees and forests are integral to farming systems. These benefits are shared more equally than those under other forest management systems in Viet Nam (MARD 2001). Allocation of forest resources rights Viet Nam established its doi moi policy in 1986, which brought about the following changes: (i) it eliminated the cooperative’s monopoly on agriculture and forestry; (ii) it introduced short-term land use rights (up to 20 years for agriculture and 50 years for forestry); and (iii) it encouraged privatization and market liberalization. During the 1980s, a household-based economy increasingly displaced the cooperative-based economy (Le and Rambo 1999). The government shifted responsibility for the management of natural resources away from commune cooperatives and into the hands of individual farm households (Nguyen 1995). During this period, Viet Nam’s forest sector was gradually transformed from a centrally managed organization into a socialist one, with forests gradually being managed in a more sustainable manner (Pham 2008). However, this transition was slow and took place over 10 years. Due to the unsustainable use and management of resources, the area of quality forests declined. Forest cover dropped from 43% in 1943 to 27% of the total land of the country in 1990 (Vo Quy 1996; MARD 2009). From 1980 to 1990, Viet Nam’s natural forest cover decreased by an average of 100,000 ha a year. The main causes of deforestation in Viet Nam are population-driven demand for forest products and agricultural land, and logging of large tracts of forest by the State Forestry Enterprises (ADB 2000). Since 1990, forest area increased due to efforts to afforest and rehabilitate natural forests. The process of forest land allocation in Viet Nam was carried out since 1968 and through different periods (MARD 2009). The following is an examination of past and current contributions of the allocation of tenure over forestry resources to poverty alleviation. 1968-1982: This was the period of state and cooperative development, and Viet Nam’s economy was centrally managed and all development plans were formulated and implemented from the central to local level. During this period, the issuance of overlapping and inappropriate forest management policies brought little benefit to local people (MARD 2009). They were not provided with long-term rights to forest resources, so there was no incentive to protect the forest further (Scott 2001). The actors in the centralized economy were mainly the government, state enterprises, and cooperatives. 5 Traditional models of community forestry have long existed in Viet Nam. “Traditional models” meant systems of local level forest management were created in a community and not introduced from outside. Introduced models of community forestry are relatively recent. These are systems of forest management presented from outside the communities by the government, international agencies, or local NGOs. These may or may not be super-imposed on pre-existing traditional systems of community forest management. 6 A watershed is the whole region that contributes to the supply of a river or lake. 332
Households participated in cooperatives, shared work, and benefited equally. This benefit mechanism between locals and the government was not mentioned in this period. Roles of individuals were not fully appreciated, except for the role of cooperatives. Active participation in economic production was poorly encouraged. Forest types and target groups were not clearly identified. Forest degradation and exploitation increased. Poverty was considered one of “Viet Nam’s enemies,” but the role of forestry in poverty reduction was not recognized or promoted. 1983-1992: During this period, allocation of forest land was based on land use planning. The Ministry of Forestry issued Resolution No. 1171 LN/QD on 30 December 1986 based on regulations to manage three types of forests, such as protection, special use, and production forest. Forest management was decentralized with the shift from state to people’s forestry (social forestry) and there was a gradual movement from the subsistent economy to a market one. Forest land allocation (FLA) and long-term leasing is a vital policy of the Party and the State (Hua 2008). The policy aimed to carry out the forestry socialization program for protection and development of forests and the strengthening of society. They would also combine forest protection with economic and social development, and hunger abolishment and poverty alleviation (Ibid.). Instructions and documents related to the FLA program were issued, including the Land Law issued in 1988. The first forest protection and management law was issued in 1991. Land allocation during this period was divided into two phases. During the 1983-1989 period, 1.9 million ha were allocated to 1,724 cooperatives, 610 institutions and schools, and 349,750 households. From 1989 to 1992, 796,000 ha were allocated to 440,000 households and 5.8 million ha to the State. 1993-2005: The Land Law was revised in 1993, 1998, 2001 and 2003. The 2003 Land Law stipulated that people own the land and the State is the representative to manage the land. The concept of ownership, which was addressed in the Civil Law in 2005, included the right to occupy, the right to own, and the right to determine. The Forest Protection and Development Law was modified in 2004. Decision 327 in 1992 and Decision 556 in 1995 aimed to re-green the uplands. Under Program 327, major funds were allocated to upland provinces. The poor in the uplands benefited from the large investment, working as wage laborers for State enterprises in plantation, protection, and forest cleaning. Instruction 525 issued by the Office of Prime Minister in 1993 emphasized the modernization of agriculture, the strengthening of educational systems, the development of infrastructure, and the provision of safe water throughout the uplands. During the period 1998-2010, the Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme (5MHRP) was implemented according to Decision 661. This aimed to contribute to the achievement of the Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy. The 5MHRP aimed not only to reforest Viet Nam, but also to address issues of rural poverty and national socio-economic development. According to the 2006 report of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the total area of forest land (11.3 million ha) allocated to households, state forest enterprises, communities, organizations, individuals, and foreign–invested organizations, accounted for 77% of the country’s total forest land. The average allocation was 897 ha for organizations and three ha for households (Nguyen 2008). The remaining forest was temporarily allocated to the People’s Committee at commune and district level. According to Resolution No. 2159/QD-BNN-KL issued on 17 July 2008, the coverage increased to 38.2%. Total forest area was 12.83 million ha (10.28 million ha natural forest and 2.55 ha planted forest). The country’s forest cover reached 39.1% in 2009 and 39.5% in 2010 (MARD 2011). FLA to individuals and households Since the early 1990s, when the policy on forest land allocation to households and individuals was implemented, the government focused on developing family forestry. As of 2005, the State allocated nearly 3.5 million ha of forest land (accounting for 23.7% of the whole country’s forest land) to about 1.1 million households (MARD 2010). In 2008, the number of households allocated forest land increased to 1.3 million households with a total area of 3.8 million ha (about three ha per household), constituting 333
Page 1:
Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
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Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
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value of forests reflected in the S
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Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
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The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
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A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
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Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
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their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
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Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
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a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
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is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
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that the development of the Kaliman
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plantations on community lands. How
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as the subsistence, livelihood and
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As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
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Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
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RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
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Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
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markets and basic services like hea
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Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
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those in the rural areas, to mobili
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Past and Current Contribution of Fo
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Village industries Village industri
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Government continues to be the prim
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Carbon payments PNG does not have a
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annually and harvest and process an
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The project generally improved the
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and no follow-up was done to sustai
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Forestry being a renewable resource
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Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
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Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
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Livelihood and poverty context in t
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and basic services like health and
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services and quality of human devel
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CBFM is still recognized as a major
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In many parts of the country, colle
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Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
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Page 310 and 311: Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
Page 312 and 313: With the country’s remarkable gai
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Page 316 and 317: Table X.5. Registration of the poor
Page 318 and 319: poor. What reshaping meant in pract
Page 320 and 321: Community title The solutions to pr
Page 322 and 323: for commercial uses up to 2009 were
Page 324 and 325: demarcated the boundary. At present
Page 326 and 327: was not degraded forest but that it
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Page 330 and 331: • No tree cutting is allowed in t
Page 332 and 333: “I have never regretted all the f
Page 334 and 335: costs. The service providers were i
Page 336 and 337: 1. safeguarding and restoring the n
Page 338 and 339: is, and their right to participate.
Page 340 and 341: Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
Page 342 and 343: Office of National Economic and Soc
Page 344 and 345: mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
Page 346 and 347: However, while overall poverty leve
Page 350 and 351: 26.2% of the total area of forest l
Page 352 and 353: Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
Page 354 and 355: average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
Page 356 and 357: River delta and Mekong River delta
Page 358 and 359: However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
Page 360 and 361: The Contribution of Traditional Com
Page 362 and 363: Fuel wood collected from forests is
Page 364 and 365: The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
Page 366 and 367: are provided both input and output
Page 368 and 369: the PES fund per year, compared to
Page 370 and 371: Viet Nam’s forestry development s
Page 372 and 373: Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
Page 374 and 375: Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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