Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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and basic services like health and education. Poverty is also multidimensional and is appreciated geographically through the Human Development Index (HDI) which summarizes a composite index of life expectancy, adult literacy rate, combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio and GDP per capita, among others. The country improved its HDI rating from 0.735 in 1995 to 0.753 in 2002, or an increase of 2.4% (MTPDP 2004-2010). Among the top five provinces with high HDI in 2000 are Bulacan (0.76), Bataan (0.746), Cavite (0.735), Rizal (0.733), and Batanes (0.717) while Sulu (0.351), Tawi-tawi (0.396), Basilan (0.425), Ifugao (0.461), and Maguindanao (0.461) are the five provinces with the least HDI. According to Virola (2009), a Filipino needed Philippine peso (PhP) 974 (US$ 21) in 2009 to meet monthly food needs or PhP 1,403 (US$ 32) per month to stay out of poverty. Thus, a family of five needed PhP 7,017 (US$ 160) monthly or PhP 84,200 (US$ 1,914) to stay out of the poverty line (exchange rate of US$1 = PhP44). Around a fifth (20.9%) of the families in the Philippines lived below this poverty threshold level in 2009, translating to around 3.9 million families. There is not much of a difference in the country’s poverty incidence in 2003, 2006, and 2009 at 20%, 21.1%, and 20.9%, respectively. However, these recent estimates are lower than the 1991 statistics where the percentage poverty incidence among the families was at a high of 28.3%. Subsistence incidence also improved slightly, from 11.7% in 2006 to 10.8% in 2009, or one Filipino per 100 was lifted out of food poverty for the period (Virola 2011). Among the regions with high poverty incidence among families (with 30% and higher) in 2009 are as follows: Region V (36%), Region VII (30.2%), Region VIII (33.2%), Region IX (36.6%), Region X (32.8%, Caraga (39.8%), and ARMM (38.1%). Caraga and ARMM consistently posted the highest poverty incidence among families in 2006 and 2009. Regions with still high forest areas have a low population density and high poverty incidence. Region IV-B (Mimaropa) for example has the highest per capita forest cover (PCFC) in the country at 0.48 per ha per person but its poverty incidence is also high at 26.7% (Table IX.3). Caraga region (in northeastern Mindanao) has the highest poverty incidence at 39.8% but it has the second highest PCFC at 0.23%. On the other hand, Region IV-A (Calabarzon) has the second lowest poverty incidence and lowest PCFC (0.02%) outside of NCR (National Capital Region). Another interesting region is Eastern Samar that has the fourth highest PCFC, but ranks fifth in poverty incidence. The common denominators among areas with high population and low PCFC but consequently, low poverty incidences, are urbanization, industrialization, and more employment opportunities. Nevertheless, these regions depend much on the resources and production from rural areas, particularly agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. In regions with high poverty incidence, forests constitute a significant resource that can contribute to reducing poverty if they can be harnessed effectively. The prevailing conditions in these areas like economic isolation, low or no industrialization, low levels of education, poor integration with commercial markets, and producing primary goods with little value-added are factors that reinforce poverty. Table IX.3. Regional summary of population, forests and poverty incidence Region Total land area (sq km) 2007 Population Forest area 2003 (ha) Forest per capita (ha) Philippines 308,993.59 88,574,614 7,159,280 287 0.08 20.9 NCR - National Capital Region (Metro Manila) 633.11 11,553,427 2,820 18,249 0.00 2.6 CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 19,422.03 1,520,743 672,360 78 0.44 17.1 Region I (Ilocos Region) 13,012.06 4,545,906 189,800 349 0.04 17.8 Region II (Cagayan Valley) 28,228.83 3,051,487 1,149,860 108 0.38 14.5 Region III (Central Luzon) 22,014.63 9,720,982 589,500 442 0.06 12.0 Region IV-A (Calabarzon) 16,873.31 11,743,110 289,660 272 696 0.02 10.3 Region IV-B (Mimaropa) 29,620.87 2,559,791 1,193,830 86 0.47 27.6 Region V(Bicol) 18,155.82 5,109,798 156,490 281 0.03 36.0
Administrative Region Region I (Ilocos Region) 13,012.06 4,545,906 189,800 349 0.04 17.8 Region II (Cagayan Valley) 28,228.83 3,051,487 1,149,860 108 0.38 14.5 Region III (Central Luzon) 22,014.63 9,720,982 589,500 442 0.06 12.0 Region IV-A (Calabarzon) 16,873.31 11,743,110 289,660 696 0.02 10.3 Region IV-B (Mimaropa) 29,620.87 2,559,791 1,193,830 86 0.47 27.6 Region V(Bicol) 18,155.82 5,109,798 156,490 281 0.03 36.0 Region VI (Western Visayas) 20,794.18 6,843,643 256,640 329 0.04 23.8 Region VII (Central Visayas) 15,885.97 6,398,628 74,840 403 0.01 30.2 Region VIII (Eastern Visayas) 23,251.10 3,912,936 519,860 168 0.13 33.2 Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) 17,046.64 3,230,094 182,190 189 0.06 36.6 Region X (Northern Mindanao) 20,496.02 3,952,437 337,490 193 0.09 32.8 Region XI (Davao Region) 20,357.42 4,156,653 421,030 204 0.10 25.6 Region XII (Soccsksargen) 20,713.09 3,829,081 349,250 185 0.09 28.1 Region XIII (Caraga) 21,478.35 2,293,480 523,310 107 0.23 39.8 ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Sources: NSO 2010, NSCB 2010, NAMRIA 2005. 21,065.30 4,120,795 250,350 196 0.06 38.1 Poverty Reduction and Forestry in National Policy National Poverty Reduction Strategy Under the 2011-2016 Medium-term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) (NEDA 2011), the government aims to reduce poverty incidence in the Philippines by 10% annually until the president’s term ends in 2016. The key targets are poverty reduction (from 33.1% in 1991 to 16.6% in 2015), and employment creation (one million jobs annually) and annual average labor force growth of 2.75%. This goal is accompanied by the government’s aim to promote inclusive growth by increasing gross domestic product (GDP) growth to around 7-8% every year, while increasing per capita income to US$ 3,000 by 2016 and US$ 5,000 in two decades. The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) presented the summary of the Plan’s 10 chapters focusing on the following five crosscutting key strategies: (a) boosting competitiveness to generate employment; (b) improving access to financing; (c) investing massively in physical infrastructure; (d) promoting transparent and responsive governance; and (e) developing human resources through improved social services. In the past, the government implemented various poverty reduction programs. The Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425) was passed in 1997 primarily to reduce poverty by redistributing economic resources and creating institutions to implement the Social Reform Agenda. This law established the National Anti-Poverty Commission to serve as a coordinating and advisory body. Its responsibilities are to support and coordinate the SRA into the development plans at the national, regional, and local levels, to strengthen currently effective initiatives and avoid duplication of efforts by different agencies. Under the previous MTPDP 2004-2010, the government implemented major policy and institutional reforms and key programs aimed at protecting and empowering the poor and the vulnerable groups. To empower the poor, it implemented a program called the Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan. The objectives of this strategy that are related to poverty alleviation in the uplands are improving access to social 273
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Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
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Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
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value of forests reflected in the S
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Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
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The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
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A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
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Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
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their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
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Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
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a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
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is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
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that the development of the Kaliman
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plantations on community lands. How
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as the subsistence, livelihood and
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As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
Page 238 and 239: LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
Page 240 and 241: as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
Page 242 and 243: Operational management The operatio
Page 244 and 245: With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
Page 246 and 247: the primary forest products that co
Page 248 and 249: It is not surprising to note that t
Page 250 and 251: there is a greater chance of progra
Page 252 and 253: from poor and marginalized families
Page 254 and 255: Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
Page 256 and 257: RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
Page 258 and 259: Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
Page 260 and 261: markets and basic services like hea
Page 262 and 263: Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
Page 264 and 265: those in the rural areas, to mobili
Page 266 and 267: Past and Current Contribution of Fo
Page 268 and 269: Village industries Village industri
Page 270 and 271: Government continues to be the prim
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Page 278 and 279: and no follow-up was done to sustai
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Page 282 and 283: Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
Page 284 and 285: Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
Page 286 and 287: Livelihood and poverty context in t
Page 290 and 291: services and quality of human devel
Page 292 and 293: CBFM is still recognized as a major
Page 294 and 295: In many parts of the country, colle
Page 296 and 297: Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
Page 298 and 299: Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
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Page 304 and 305: viable spheres of production for sm
Page 306 and 307: 3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
Page 308 and 309: Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
Page 310 and 311: Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
Page 312 and 313: With the country’s remarkable gai
Page 314 and 315: Table X.3. Government agencies invo
Page 316 and 317: Table X.5. Registration of the poor
Page 318 and 319: poor. What reshaping meant in pract
Page 320 and 321: Community title The solutions to pr
Page 322 and 323: for commercial uses up to 2009 were
Page 324 and 325: demarcated the boundary. At present
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Page 330 and 331: • No tree cutting is allowed in t
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Page 334 and 335: costs. The service providers were i
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is, and their right to participate.
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Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
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Office of National Economic and Soc
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mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
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However, while overall poverty leve
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one of the best forms of management
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26.2% of the total area of forest l
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Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
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average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
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River delta and Mekong River delta
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However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
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The Contribution of Traditional Com
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Fuel wood collected from forests is
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The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
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are provided both input and output
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the PES fund per year, compared to
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Viet Nam’s forestry development s
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Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
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Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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