Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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decline during 1993-94 to 2004-05 is more or less the same i.e. about 8-9%. (Press release Planning Commission 2011). There are also other assessments such as by the N.C. Saxena Committee which reports 50 % of rural population below the poverty line and Arjun Sengupta Report of National Commission for Enterprises in the Un-organized Sector (NCEUS) which considers more than 77 % below the poverty line. iv Table IV.6. Summary statistics on common property resources Highlights Common Property Land Resources(CPLR) Percentages Percentage of CPLR (land) 15 % CPLR per household (ha) Collections from CPLRs 0.31 Household reporting collection of any materials from CPRs 48 % Average Value of annual collections per household Rs 693 Ratio of Average value of collection to average value of consumption expenditure Nature of Use of CPRs 3.02 % Households reporting grazing of livestock on CPRs 20 % Livestock rearing 30 % Household Enterprise 2.8 % Share of fuel wood in value of collection from CPRs 58 % Average quantity of fuel wood collected from CPRs during 365 days 500 kg Households possessing livestock 56 % Households Collecting fodder from CPRs 13 % Households Cultivating fodder from CPRs 2 % Average Quantity of Fodder collected from CPRs during 365 days Source: NSSO 1999 275 kg v There are 7887 JFMCs in Jharkhand state with 2.76 million members of which more than 70% is from SC and ST communities. During the last 10 years JFMCs received about Rs.1070 million as share from bamboo and thinning (15% of the value of produce). Although this amount is generated from only about 350 JFMCs in dense forest areas, it is used in all JFMCs for income-generating activities and development. The benefits include establishing 331 NWFP enterprises; bringing 25000 ha under irrigation; introducing more than 113700 improved biomass cooking stoves, solar lighting devices in 2152 villages and 34 bio-briquette machines; forming 120 artisan SHGs; establishing handicraft emporiums in cities; pasture and diary development; producing about 10000 tonnes of lac; raising clonal pulp wood plantations with major pulp and paper companies etc. (Dr. V K Bahuguna and Dr. Anup Bhalla, personal communication, May 2011). vi In the 1970s, agricultural land degradation led villagers in Sukhomajri village to practice indiscriminate free-grazing, land-clearing and tree-felling – perpetuating a cycle of land degradation and poverty. These actions affected the water supply for communities downstream. Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh city was being silted due to degradation of forests in the mountain land near Sukhomajri village. The city administration decided to compensate the villagers for giving up grazing and tree felling in the hills. Two earthen dams for water harvesting were built which provided enormous irrigation benefits as immediate incentive to initiate watershed protection work by the villagers. The villagers also introduced a marketbased mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits. All the households in the village, including the landless, were assigned an equal share of the water collected in the dam in return for their participation in watershed protection activities. Hence, the landless and those with very small landholdings were able to sell their water rights to larger landowners who needed more water. The de-linking of water rights from land rights compensated the landless and the small landowners for the loss of access to traditional grazing lands and allowed them to gain an equal share of the watershed benefits. This PES scheme has, in the past 40 years, generated high economic returns for the once-poor community. vii The case of Mawphlang Lyngdohship in Meghalaya state is an example of how resource management partnerships help local communities and environment. Large tracts of upland forests were getting degraded due to swidden or Jhum, deforestation, quarrying etc. The local villagers stand to lose income if they end commercial fuel wood collection and small scale quarrying, restrict grazing, and allow marginal farmlands to return to natural forests. The indigenous leadership of the communities signed 138
a resolution to control seasonal fires, grazing by cattle, unsustainable firewood harvesting, and quarrying. Community Forestry International (CFI), an international agency, has agreed to provide financial support of $12,131 per year and technical support for a three-year project period to the community as Payments for Environmental Services. viii Green India Mission (GIM) is one of the eight missions under India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change. The overarching objective is to increase the forest cover on 5 m ha of forest/non forest lands and improving the quality of forest cover on another 5 m ha, and together improving ecosystem goods and services on 10 m ha. The salient features of GIM include: improving the livelihoods of 3 million forest dependent households; enhancing a broad array of ecosystem goods and services such as biodiversity, carbon sequestration and hydrological services, and realising carbon benefits as co-benefits; providing a definitive focus on improving the quality of forests/ecosystems and not merely on increasing the quantity of forests; finding pathways to resolve institutional issues relating to tenure and user rights; providing a major focus on democratic decentralization, autonomy, accountability and inclusiveness with local communities at the heart of implementation and proposing an integrated approach of treating forest and non forest lands simultaneously in a given bio-physical unit, and addressing the drivers of degradation through cross-cutting interventions and convergence with other programs. 139
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Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
Page 104 and 105: Table III.5. List of economic fores
Page 106 and 107: stations, and others. In addition,
Page 108 and 109: farmers to increase to over US$ 310
Page 110 and 111: year and his national special care
Page 112 and 113: enough capital to invest, leading t
Page 115 and 116: Introduction IV Assessment of the C
Page 117 and 118: value of forests reflected in the S
Page 119 and 120: Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
Page 121 and 122: Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
Page 123 and 124: Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
Page 125 and 126: Fodder from the forest provided abo
Page 127 and 128: landless and marginal landholding h
Page 129 and 130: 70% was exported. It is estimated t
Page 131 and 132: Table IV.5. Registered projects und
Page 133 and 134: Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
Page 135 and 136: our land.” All agree that forests
Page 137 and 138: The forest around the village was d
Page 139 and 140: Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
Page 141 and 142: A popular tourist attraction in Ker
Page 143 and 144: Innovative mechanism for resource g
Page 145 and 146: Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
Page 147 and 148: Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
Page 149 and 150: their livelihoods. Resolution of po
Page 151 and 152: Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
Page 153: Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
Page 158 and 159: (MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
Page 160 and 161: is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
Page 162 and 163: that the development of the Kaliman
Page 164 and 165: plantations on community lands. How
Page 166 and 167: as the subsistence, livelihood and
Page 168 and 169: As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
Page 170 and 171: for HTI projects. The finding under
Page 172 and 173: do not follow these agreements or a
Page 174 and 175: Satyawati’s (1991) field research
Page 176 and 177: Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
Page 178 and 179: intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
Page 180 and 181: Challenges and ways forward In the
Page 182 and 183: Challenges The target buyers of the
Page 184 and 185: end or scale down their operations.
Page 186 and 187: Increasing the Benefits from Large-
Page 188 and 189: Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
Page 190 and 191: World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
Page 192 and 193: in neighboring countries that incre
Page 194 and 195: Poverty Situation Despite the signi
Page 196 and 197: Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
Page 198 and 199: allocated for communities to manage
Page 200 and 201: growth, increased per capita income
Page 202 and 203: of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
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Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
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RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
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Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
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markets and basic services like hea
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Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
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those in the rural areas, to mobili
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Past and Current Contribution of Fo
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Village industries Village industri
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Government continues to be the prim
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Carbon payments PNG does not have a
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annually and harvest and process an
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The project generally improved the
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and no follow-up was done to sustai
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Forestry being a renewable resource
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Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
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Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
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Livelihood and poverty context in t
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and basic services like health and
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services and quality of human devel
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CBFM is still recognized as a major
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In many parts of the country, colle
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Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
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Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
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CARAGA region in the Philippines is
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eduction in the log supply contract
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viable spheres of production for sm
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3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
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Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
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Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
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With the country’s remarkable gai
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Table X.3. Government agencies invo
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Table X.5. Registration of the poor
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poor. What reshaping meant in pract
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Community title The solutions to pr
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for commercial uses up to 2009 were
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demarcated the boundary. At present
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was not degraded forest but that it
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to the livelihoods of rural people.
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• No tree cutting is allowed in t
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“I have never regretted all the f
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costs. The service providers were i
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1. safeguarding and restoring the n
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is, and their right to participate.
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Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
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Office of National Economic and Soc
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mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
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However, while overall poverty leve
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one of the best forms of management
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26.2% of the total area of forest l
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Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
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average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
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River delta and Mekong River delta
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However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
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The Contribution of Traditional Com
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Fuel wood collected from forests is
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The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
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are provided both input and output
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the PES fund per year, compared to
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Viet Nam’s forestry development s
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Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
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Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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