Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1). Philippines: Control upland population to rehabilitate forests – DENR. Minda News. Chomitz, K.M. (1999). Environment-poverty connections in tropical deforestation. Discussion notes prepared for Summer Workshop, July 7 1999. Development Research Group. World Bank. GMA News Online, (2009, February 19). DENR to hire more than a hundred thousand ‘green’ workers. Kummer & Turner. (1994). The human causes of deforestation in Southeast Asia. BioScience, Vol. 44, No. 5. Mitchao, G. (2004). Small private land tree farming in Caraga. Regional Policy Meeting on Community Forest Management Policies, Implementation and Adaptation on December 7-10, 2004 at Waterfront Hotel, Lanang, Davao City. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). (2010). Approved CADTs and CALTs by region. 2009. NCIP. National Economic Development Authority (NEDA). (2004). Responding to basic needs of the poor (Chapter 12 of the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP – 2004-2010). National Economic Development Authority. National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). (2007). Philippine statistical yearbook. National Statistical Coordination Board. Presidential Decree 705. (1975) – Revised forestry code of the Philippines. Pulhin, J.M., Dizon, J.T., & Cruz, R.V.O. (2008). Tenure reform: Its impacts on Philippine forest lands. Retrieved from http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference Pulhin, J.M., Dizon, J.T., Cruz, R.V.O., Gevana, D.T. & Dahal, G.R. (2008). Tenure reform on Philippine forest lands: Assessment of socio-economic and environmental impacts. Laguna, Philippines: College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. Pulhin, J. & Ramirez, M.A. (2005). Behind the fragile enterprise: Community-based timber utilization in Southern Philippines. Philippine Wood Producers Association (PWPA) (2001). Position paper on Senate Bill 141: Sustainable Forest Management Act. Republic Act No. 8425. (1997) An act institutionalizing the social reform and poverty alleviation program, creating for the purpose the National Anti-Poverty Commission, defining its powers and functions, and for other purposes. Serrano, R., Daño, A., & Pulhin, J. (2001). Landscape-wide analysis of the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of upland farming in Manupali Watershed, Philippines. Retrieved from www.asb.cgiar.org UNDP. (2010). Indigenous peoples in the Philippines (Fast Facts Lagom). United Nations Development Program. Virola, R. (2011). 2009 Philippine official poverty statistics. National Statistical Coordination Board 08 February 2011. Walpole, P. (2009). Figuring the forest figures understanding forest cover data in the Philippines and where we might be proceeding. Environmental Science for Social Change. Retrieved from http:// download.essc.org.ph/forest/ESSC 292
Introduction X Assessment of the Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation in Thailand Orapan Nabangchang* Thailand’s Forestry Sector: An Overview Throughout the 1970s, forest cover in Thailand declined as agricultural land expanded. Between 1984 and 1993, the increase in agricultural acreage and the reduction of forest coverage was alarming. By the mid-1980s, associations were gradually made between the declining forest cover and environmental consequences, such as higher frequency of flash flooding, long periods of droughts, dried-up streams, and disappearing forest products that once constituted a significant source of non-marketable food supplies. The trade-offs from the continued expansion of extensive cultivation were becoming more apparent which expedited policy responses and launching of measures to protect the forest resources, compromising the needs of marginal farmers for land. Deforestation continued, however. Between 1993 and 1995, approximately 192,000 ha 1 of forest area was converted to agricultural land. This highlighted the ineffectiveness of control mechanisms and the urgency to find workable means for control and monitoring of resources. 2 Towards the end of the 1990s, not only was there concern over less than satisfactory measures to protect the remaining 25% of the total area of Thailand, that still remained under forest cover, but there was also concern over the unsuitable agricultural practices resulting in land degradation. The supply of easily cultivable land was pushed to the limit and the potential threat to the environment conditioned adjustments in the institutional framework, which became no longer supportive of further conversion of forest areas for alternative land use. Into the new millennium, there was a reversal of trends. According to the 2000 figures in Table X.1, forest area increased from 12,972,200 ha (25% of the country’s land area) in 1998 to 17,011,078 ha (33%) in 2000. The increase of 8% in two years could have been due to the adjustments in map scales or, from a more positive interpretation, could be the result of efforts of preceding years to reforest. The latest figure available for 2006 indicated that the percentage of forest coverage was approximately 30% or 15,865,259 ha. Most of the remaining forests were concentrated in the Northern Region. Up until 1996, mangrove forests were also rapidly declining and one major cause was the expansion of shrimp farms along the coastline of the Gulf of Thailand as well as the Andaman. Statistics nevertheless showed some significant reversal of this trend from 2000 onwards and, in 2008, Thailand’s mangrove forests were estimated to be around 255,000 ha. * Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) 1 Rai is a local unit of area measurement where 1 hectare is equal to 6.25 rai. 2 Agricultural Statistics of Thailand, Crop Year 1996/97, Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 293
Page 1:
Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
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Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
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value of forests reflected in the S
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Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
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The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
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A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
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Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
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their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
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Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
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a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
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is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
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that the development of the Kaliman
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plantations on community lands. How
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as the subsistence, livelihood and
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As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
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Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
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RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
Page 258 and 259: Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
Page 260 and 261: markets and basic services like hea
Page 262 and 263: Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
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Page 266 and 267: Past and Current Contribution of Fo
Page 268 and 269: Village industries Village industri
Page 270 and 271: Government continues to be the prim
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Page 274 and 275: annually and harvest and process an
Page 276 and 277: The project generally improved the
Page 278 and 279: and no follow-up was done to sustai
Page 280 and 281: Forestry being a renewable resource
Page 282 and 283: Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
Page 284 and 285: Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
Page 286 and 287: Livelihood and poverty context in t
Page 288 and 289: and basic services like health and
Page 290 and 291: services and quality of human devel
Page 292 and 293: CBFM is still recognized as a major
Page 294 and 295: In many parts of the country, colle
Page 296 and 297: Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
Page 298 and 299: Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
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Page 302 and 303: eduction in the log supply contract
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Page 306 and 307: 3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
Page 310 and 311: Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
Page 312 and 313: With the country’s remarkable gai
Page 314 and 315: Table X.3. Government agencies invo
Page 316 and 317: Table X.5. Registration of the poor
Page 318 and 319: poor. What reshaping meant in pract
Page 320 and 321: Community title The solutions to pr
Page 322 and 323: for commercial uses up to 2009 were
Page 324 and 325: demarcated the boundary. At present
Page 326 and 327: was not degraded forest but that it
Page 328 and 329: to the livelihoods of rural people.
Page 330 and 331: • No tree cutting is allowed in t
Page 332 and 333: “I have never regretted all the f
Page 334 and 335: costs. The service providers were i
Page 336 and 337: 1. safeguarding and restoring the n
Page 338 and 339: is, and their right to participate.
Page 340 and 341: Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
Page 342 and 343: Office of National Economic and Soc
Page 344 and 345: mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
Page 346 and 347: However, while overall poverty leve
Page 348 and 349: one of the best forms of management
Page 350 and 351: 26.2% of the total area of forest l
Page 352 and 353: Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
Page 354 and 355: average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
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However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
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The Contribution of Traditional Com
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Fuel wood collected from forests is
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The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
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are provided both input and output
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the PES fund per year, compared to
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Viet Nam’s forestry development s
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Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
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Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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