Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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Carbon payments PNG does not have a policy on climate change and REDD plus and thus there is no policy mechanism in place for carbon payments. Through the Office of Climate Change and Compatible Development, the government is still working on its measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) system. It is believed that an effective MRV system will help to direct policy development and the carbon method of payment. In line with the carbon payment is the PNGFIA policy framework for action that emphasizes the sharing of revenues generated from carbon trading. The forestry sector in PNG through PNGFIA initially developed the Forestry and Climate Change Policy Framework for Action in 2009. The framework emphasized the need for the incumbent government to establish a transparent and well-coordinated financial mechanism that will keep custody of the funds and appropriately disburse to recipients. The framework tries to ensure that fund beneficiaries, such as landowners, are initially identified and recognized under the existing landowner mechanisms to receive their compensation in a timely manner. Eco-tourism Eco-tourism is an emerging industry in PNG and it is interesting to note that under the long-term strategic plan of PNG Vision 2050, eco-tourism is one of the main revenue-generating activities, apart from forestry, agriculture, and fisheries, recognizing the depletion of mineral resources, petroleum, and gas. The National Development Bank created a Tourism Credit Facility that made available about US$ two million to assist local tourist guesthouse operators. Although the overall economic benefit from eco-tourism is not as high as mass tourism, local communities get a greater proportion of the money spent by eco-tourists compared with resort tourists. PNG could be marketed worldwide as an eco-tourism destination offering the best eco-tourism experiences in the world such as village trekking, bird watching, and encounters with traditional cultures, attracting “high-yield 5 ’’ eco-tourists. PNG is a frontier country with a less-developed tourism industry (Hayes 2011), and eco-tourism has great potential in poverty alleviation in the rural areas. The Case Studies The two case study sites in the Central Province in the Southern Region were chosen because both involved national and community interest projects and were easily accessible by road. The third case study site was chosen due to an opportunity to visit Chimbu Province in the Highlands Region. It is a community forestry project through people initiatives, and provides another scenario of forestry contribution to poverty alleviation in the highland region of the country. Case Study 1: Varagadi FMA (Timber Permit-3-37) Varagadi FMA area constitutes two different forest plantations with the Brown River plantation covering an area of 6,500 ha and Kuriva plantation covering an area of 8,782 ha. Both sites were originally natural forest areas but were converted into large State-owned forest plantation estates. Access to the natural forests is difficult and the traditional landowners walk some distance further inland to reach the forest areas. Most villages moved out of the natural forest areas to live along the main Hiritano Highway to Gulf Province. These movements were viewed as part of the “social advancement” of communities as a result of forest development. The lands were customary-owned but leased to the State under a 99-year lease agreement. The Brown River land however was transferred back to the original landowners following a successful Court case in 1994 by the customary landowners. The customary landowners argued that the land was never under a proper lease agreement at the time of the colonial administration and that annual rents were not paid regularly. Only the timber rights remained with the State through PNGFIA. Kuriva customary 5 Cultural tourists interested in “primitive cultures”. 256
landowners also expressed similar sentiments on the lack of rental payments by the State. The State lease agreements with customary landowners are generally done through the Lands Departments, which is then responsible for the rental payments. Nature of the project The Brown River and Kuriva Plantations are about 20 km apart and located approximately 20 and 40 km away, respectively, from Port Moresby, the country’s capital city. The project falls under both old and new policy measures as the plantations were established under the old policy measures while the harvesting and marketing are under the new policy measures of FMA. The company built this school building at Brown River teak project area In this project, PNGFIA represented the State of PNG and entered into an Agreement with a developer to undertake project development and management activities. The developer was granted Timber Permit-3-37 for 35 years commencing on 29th May 1997 and expiring on 28th May 2032. After that, the developer was replaced by a new one, though still using the same TP (3-37). Current operations are at the Brown River Plantation but the developer has moved some equipment to the Kuriva Plantation to start harvesting the trees. Technically, these are two different resources and environmental conditions, therefore the terms and conditions should vary. The developer should not be moving to Kuriva and operate under the same permit conditions for the other plantation. The terms and conditions of the TP are incorporated in the Agreement. Through the TP, the State (through PNGFIA) granted the exclusive rights and obligations of the developer to develop and manage the Brown River Plantation in accordance with sound forestry principles, good forestry practices, and the principle of sustainable yield. Subject to these principles, the developer is required to develop and manage the forest resource in accordance with set schedules for harvesting, replanting, and processing of timber. Under the TP Agreement, the developer was to establish an average of 170 ha of teak plantation forest 257 Gae Y. Gowae
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Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
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Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
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value of forests reflected in the S
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Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
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The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
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A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
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Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
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their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
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Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
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a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
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is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
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that the development of the Kaliman
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plantations on community lands. How
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as the subsistence, livelihood and
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As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
Page 222 and 223: • Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
Page 224 and 225: 18, 2009. National Agriculture and
Page 226 and 227: (Table VII.2). Government-managed f
Page 228 and 229: to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
Page 230 and 231: The community based forest manageme
Page 232 and 233: for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Page 234 and 235: grass and fodder production in both
Page 236 and 237: Timber market values vary according
Page 238 and 239: LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
Page 240 and 241: as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
Page 242 and 243: Operational management The operatio
Page 244 and 245: With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
Page 246 and 247: the primary forest products that co
Page 248 and 249: It is not surprising to note that t
Page 250 and 251: there is a greater chance of progra
Page 252 and 253: from poor and marginalized families
Page 254 and 255: Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
Page 256 and 257: RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
Page 258 and 259: Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
Page 260 and 261: markets and basic services like hea
Page 262 and 263: Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
Page 264 and 265: those in the rural areas, to mobili
Page 266 and 267: Past and Current Contribution of Fo
Page 268 and 269: Village industries Village industri
Page 270 and 271: Government continues to be the prim
Page 274 and 275: annually and harvest and process an
Page 276 and 277: The project generally improved the
Page 278 and 279: and no follow-up was done to sustai
Page 280 and 281: Forestry being a renewable resource
Page 282 and 283: Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
Page 284 and 285: Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
Page 286 and 287: Livelihood and poverty context in t
Page 288 and 289: and basic services like health and
Page 290 and 291: services and quality of human devel
Page 292 and 293: CBFM is still recognized as a major
Page 294 and 295: In many parts of the country, colle
Page 296 and 297: Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
Page 298 and 299: Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
Page 300 and 301: CARAGA region in the Philippines is
Page 302 and 303: eduction in the log supply contract
Page 304 and 305: viable spheres of production for sm
Page 306 and 307: 3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
Page 308 and 309: Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
Page 310 and 311: Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
Page 312 and 313: With the country’s remarkable gai
Page 314 and 315: Table X.3. Government agencies invo
Page 316 and 317: Table X.5. Registration of the poor
Page 318 and 319: poor. What reshaping meant in pract
Page 320 and 321: Community title The solutions to pr
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for commercial uses up to 2009 were
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demarcated the boundary. At present
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was not degraded forest but that it
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to the livelihoods of rural people.
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• No tree cutting is allowed in t
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“I have never regretted all the f
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costs. The service providers were i
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1. safeguarding and restoring the n
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is, and their right to participate.
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Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
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Office of National Economic and Soc
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mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
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However, while overall poverty leve
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one of the best forms of management
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26.2% of the total area of forest l
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Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
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average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
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River delta and Mekong River delta
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However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
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The Contribution of Traditional Com
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Fuel wood collected from forests is
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The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
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are provided both input and output
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the PES fund per year, compared to
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Viet Nam’s forestry development s
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Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
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Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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