Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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costs. The service providers were identified and these are the six villages where HEC is high, namely Na Yao, Na Isan, Lum Tha Sang, Tha Ten, Na Ngam, and Klong Toey. For these households, the damage cost from crops and property damage and medical expenses related to elephant crop raiding incidences was equivalent about 14 to 34% of their average household income. When asked whether or not they would be interested in participating in activities to restore the ecosystem within the sanctuary, more than 90% of the 200 villagers interviewed said that they would be willing to volunteer their labor even if there were no payment. In many respects, this response was to be expected. These villagers were already spending money to protect their crops and property. Any measure that would lead to reduction of crop raiding incidences would reduce their current expenses. Technically speaking therefore, the villagers are beneficiaries as well as service-providers. The latter capacity is justified as there are external positive benefits to users and the general public from the direct and indirect benefits of restored ecosystems services, as well as the non-use values of the biodiversity resources in the sanctuary where the elephant is the umbrella species. In addition to participating in the above activities, the service-providers from the six villages will also be involved in monitoring and patrol activities. This is also an essential component of PES project which is to provide concrete evidence of the improvement of the ecosystems. Particularly for this pilot site, these include the reduction in the incidence of crop raiding, reduced damage costs to crops and property, and reduction of risks and fear. Villagers will be involved in data collection. With cameras installed at the locations of the water sources, the mineral licks, the food patches, and the use of GPS, it will be possible to collect data on the number, timing, and type of wildlife that benefit from the water, food, and mineral licks provided. As service-providers, villagers will undergo training so that they will be able to undertake these routine but very important tasks. Monitoring wildlife activities was done before in this sanctuary. The only difference will be that the villagers will be implementing this task instead of sanctuary staff. Exploring Buyers of Ecosystems Services Perhaps the most challenging part of launching the PES project, particularly for a site such as KARN- WS, is the identification of buyers. Apart from the service providers who also directly benefit from the measures that will be undertaken, the beneficiaries of the ecosystems service are essentially those who rely on water supply from the Bangpakong River and Prasae River. The single major user is the East Water Company, a private business group that has shown considerable interest as a contributor. At a meeting organized to discuss the objectives of the KARN-PES pilot project, East Water pointed out that there is a need to know the on-going development projects funded by both government agencies and businesses as part of their CSR investments within the 5-province corridor. Knowing what, where, and at what stage the projects are would be helpful in planning processes, in identifying overlaps of investments, and in channeling resources to where there are gaps. But having a single buyer may not be sufficient to recover the initial investment nor the costs of recurring activities. It is essential to involve other potential contributors. During the initial period, there were high expectations that it would be possible to mobilize contributions from the private sector. Private sector companies spend considerable sums each year on public relations and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The optimism was that the KARN-WS PES pilot project already offers an opportunity where they could do “good” and earn CSR points. But private companies may place more weight on quick and tangible results. Clearly, there is a need for a formal institutional framework to create tangible incentives for the private sectors to be involved and to do this, it may be strategically better to approach private sector institutions such as the Federation of Thai Industries or the Thai Chamber of Commerce, rather than individual private companies. Valuable lessons can be extracted from the experiences of other countries’ initiatives to create markets for conservation of natural resources such as New South Wales (NSW) BioBanking Scheme launched in July 2008. In principle, biobanking is a voluntary market-based scheme. Three main groups of stakeholders are involved: the landowners, developers, and conservationists. What is bought and sold are biodiversity 318
credits. The suppliers of credits are landowners who agree to set aside all or part of their land as a biobank site and manage this site for conservation. Credits can be purchased by developers, by conservationists, and even by individuals (either for philanthropic reasons or for speculative purposes). To date, the demand for most biodiversity credits come from developers who are required by law to offset the negative impact of their development. It is well acknowledged that the NSW BioBanking Scheme works because of strict law enforcement. The framework for the scheme was established under Part 7A of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and is supported by the Threatened Species Conservation (Biodiversity Banking) Regulation 2008, the BioBanking Assessment Methodology, and the Compliance Assurance Strategy. Thailand has parallel laws. The difference is that the law only focuses on the command and control side. There are limited attempts to create incentives for compliance and adequate penalties for non-compliance. Turning back to KARN-WS, it would appear that there is a basis to generate the supply of environmental goods but to create demand on a scale that will give momentum for PES both for KARN-WS and for other potential PES sites in Thailand, requires a revamping of the legal tools which already exist to create effective demand for conservation services in the same way that the biobanking scheme was established for New South Wales. The Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Alleviation With the outcome of the recent general elections and the change in government, there seems to be uncertainty over the future of forestry and poverty alleviation policies. Nevertheless, there is at least the consolation that the macro-economic policy framework, in principle, is supported. Under the 11th National Plan, the goal of poverty alleviation is embedded in the vision of “a happy society with equity, fairness and resilience” and in broader statements such as adhering to the “guidance of the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy”, “people-centered development”, and “broad base participation approaches towards balanced, integrated, and holistic development”. Promoting better income distribution is also reiterated as one of the missions during this plan period. Widening social disparity has led to conflicts in Thai society and is recognized, as well as the problem of persistence of poverty and indebtedness, particularly among farmers. Income inequality and poverty issues are addressed under the strategy of promoting a just society. Four broader objectives are specified under this strategy: 1. to create opportunities for all to access funding, resources, and income earnings, 2. to increase income and social security, 3. to assist the poor, the underprivileged, foreign labor and labor force in the informal sector, and the ethnic groups to gain access to social services on equity basis, 4. to support all concerned development partners to participate in inequality alleviation and conflict resolution processes in an efficient manner and to jointly develop the country towards a society with quality. The 11th Plan acknowledges that due to geographical changes and over-utilization, natural resources and the natural wealth of the country were depleted and that deterioration in the natural resources and environment is both a risk and weakness. The plan also recognizes that ultimately this will affect the performance of the economic sectors and well-being of the people. On natural resources and environment, the main objective is to nurture natural resources and environment to improve the quality of natural resources and environmental quality. Under the strategy of managing natural resources and environment towards sustainability, the focus is on conserving and restoring natural resources, improving management efficiency, and ensuring fairness in the access and use of natural resources. Measures are listed for each of these strategies. Conserving and restoring natural resources is to be done by: 319
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Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
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© FAO ISBN The designations employ
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Contents Foreword .................
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Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
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Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
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MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
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Acknowledgements This publication o
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Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
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Table 1: Status of Poverty Reductio
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Although poverty alleviation is inc
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Past efforts to address poverty thr
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Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
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to absorb the large number of peopl
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Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
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cultures is a major challenge. Cult
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2. Capacity building for individual
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Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
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Life in an unforgiving environment
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Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
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to meet the expenses during communi
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Chirata is an important medicinal p
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From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
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Payment for Environmental Services
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The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
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Recommendations Pipla collection is
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whose incomes are at the lower end.
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Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
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domestic demand of traditional medi
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auction chirata. However, due to In
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Product improvement • Improvement
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Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
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• reforestation and protection of
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Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
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Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
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eserved forests and ensure their ap
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It is generally accepted that the e
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contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
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Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
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Capacity building for CF members Ed
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After the integration of the Khmer
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Livelihood situation after concessi
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for institutional reforms. Based on
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Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
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Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
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During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
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Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
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value of forests reflected in the S
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Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
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The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
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A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
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Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
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their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
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Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
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a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
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is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
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that the development of the Kaliman
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plantations on community lands. How
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as the subsistence, livelihood and
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As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
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for HTI projects. The finding under
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do not follow these agreements or a
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Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
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Challenges and ways forward In the
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Challenges The target buyers of the
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end or scale down their operations.
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Increasing the Benefits from Large-
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Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
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World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
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in neighboring countries that incre
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Poverty Situation Despite the signi
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Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
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allocated for communities to manage
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growth, increased per capita income
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of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
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Figure VI.1. Important household in
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Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
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in this case study are based on the
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The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
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4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
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The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
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(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
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to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
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The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
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Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
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Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
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RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
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Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
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markets and basic services like hea
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Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
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those in the rural areas, to mobili
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Past and Current Contribution of Fo
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Village industries Village industri
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Government continues to be the prim
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Carbon payments PNG does not have a
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annually and harvest and process an
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The project generally improved the
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and no follow-up was done to sustai
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Forestry being a renewable resource
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Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
Page 284 and 285: Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
Page 286 and 287: Livelihood and poverty context in t
Page 288 and 289: and basic services like health and
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Page 294 and 295: In many parts of the country, colle
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Page 306 and 307: 3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
Page 308 and 309: Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
Page 310 and 311: Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
Page 312 and 313: With the country’s remarkable gai
Page 314 and 315: Table X.3. Government agencies invo
Page 316 and 317: Table X.5. Registration of the poor
Page 318 and 319: poor. What reshaping meant in pract
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Page 324 and 325: demarcated the boundary. At present
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Page 330 and 331: • No tree cutting is allowed in t
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Page 336 and 337: 1. safeguarding and restoring the n
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Page 340 and 341: Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
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Page 344 and 345: mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
Page 346 and 347: However, while overall poverty leve
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Page 352 and 353: Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
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Page 356 and 357: River delta and Mekong River delta
Page 358 and 359: However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
Page 360 and 361: The Contribution of Traditional Com
Page 362 and 363: Fuel wood collected from forests is
Page 364 and 365: The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
Page 366 and 367: are provided both input and output
Page 368 and 369: the PES fund per year, compared to
Page 370 and 371: Viet Nam’s forestry development s
Page 372 and 373: Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
Page 374 and 375: Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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