Contribution of Forestry to Poverty Alleviation - APFNet

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The country studies were conducted from January to August 2011. National assessments of forestry policy and trends in relation to poverty, and status and trends in the contribution of forestry to poverty alleviation were carried out through literature review, supplemented by interviews with in-country experts in forestry departments and civil society organizations. Case studies based on fieldwork in selected sites served to improve understanding of poverty in and near forest areas and to determine the extent to which forestry initiatives or projects have—or have not—contributed to alleviating poverty. The case studies are intended as qualitative descriptions rather than large-scale, quantitative assessments. A regional workshop in Chiang Mai, Thailand on 7–8 March 2011 provided an opportunity to plan the country assessments. Following the completion of the country studies, each of the authors presented his/her work to national stakeholders from the forestry departments and other government agencies, civil society organizations and other stakeholders to disseminate findings, present recommendations, bring key issues to national policy-makers’ attention and explore how to feed results into government policy and development planning. Results of the studies were communicated more broadly at an event organized during the Second Asia Pacific Forestry Week (APFW) on 9 November in Beijing, China. Organization of the Country Reports Each of the country reports comprises six sections as follows: Section 1. Overview of forest resources, poverty situation, and economic development Section 2. The national policy context including the national poverty reduction strategy and forest-related policies Section 3. Past and current poverty-related impacts of forestry initiatives under three broad categories: (i) community forestry, (ii) commercial and industrial forestry, and (iii) PES and carbon payments Section 4. Case studies exploring forestry-poverty situations in and around forest areas, including the perceptions and experiences of different stakeholders Section 5. The outlook for poverty alleviation and forestry in the coming years Section 6. Recommendations for improving the contribution of forestry to poverty alleviation Poverty, Poverty Alleviation and Forests Over the decades, the understanding of poverty has broadened to consider its complexity and multiple dimensions. Poverty is defined as “pronounced deprivation in wellbeing”, which is related to lack of income, low levels of education and health, vulnerability and exposure to risks, lack of opportunity to be heard and powerlessness (World Bank 2000). With regard to income, the international poverty standard was adjusted to US$ 1.25 per person per day in 2008, but many countries have set their own national poverty thresholds based on their respective estimates of the minimum income needed to meet a person’s daily food and non-food needs as shown in Table 1. Poverty rates in these countries increase significantly if the US$1.25-threshold is used. Using their respective national poverty standards, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam have made significant reductions in their poverty rates. China, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam also posted early achievement of their MDG 1 targets. On the other hand, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Lao PDR, Nepal, PNG, and the Philippines need to redouble efforts in the next two to three years to meet their targets by 2015. 2
Table 1: Status of Poverty Reduction in Asia-Pacific Countries* Year Poverty rate (%) MDG target Poverty rate (%) (2015) National poverty line (US$ per capita per day) US$1.25 per day poverty** Earliest Latest Bhutan 2004 31.7 15 0.82 (2007) - - - - 26.2 (03) 2007 23.2 Cambodia 1993-94 39 19.5 2004 34.7 2007 30.1 1 0.61 (2007) 48.6 (94) 28.3 (07) 1978 30.7 1990 9.62 China 4.8 2009 3.6 2 0.42 (2000) 3 0.98 (2011) 3 60.2 (90) 15.9 (05) 1990 37.54 18.75 2004-05 27.5 4 0.26 (rural) 0.39 (urban) (2004 05) 1990 47.85 2004-2005 37.25 India 2009-2010 29.86 23.9 0.446 0.566 49.4 (94) 41.6 (05) Indonesia 1990 20.6 10.03 1.0 2008 5.9 2010 13.33 8–107 54.3 (90) 18.7 (09) 1.50 Lao PDR 1993 46.0 24 2003 33.5 2008 27.6 8 (No official poverty 55.7 (92) 33.9 (08) line) 1989 42 21 0.45 2005 31 2010 25.4 9 1990 33.510 Nepal 2005 24.110 68.4 (96) 55.1 (04) 17 1.0 PNG 1996 30 27 0.38 - - - - 35.8 (96) 1991 45.311 2000 33.011 Philippines 2006 32.911 16.6 1.06 (2009) 30.7 (91) 22.6 (06) Thailand 1990 33.69 16.84 1.719 5.5 (92) 0.4 (04) 2000 20.98 2008 8.95 Viet Nam 1993 58 7.6–8.6 0.83 (urban areas), 63.7 (93) 13.1 (08) 2004 2010 24.1 10.6 0.67 (rural areas) (2011–2015) Sources: *Country reports; ** UNESCAP, ADB and UNDP n.d.; 1 http://www.mop.gov.kh/Default.aspx?tabid=156; 2 http://www.un.org/chinese/millenniumgoals/china08/1_1.html; 3 http://news.xinhuanet.com/herald/2011- 12/12/c_131295645.htm; 4 http://www.economywatch.com/millennium-development-goals.html; 5 New poverty estimates adopting the Tendulkar Committee poverty line. Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. (2011). Millennium Development Goals: India Country Report 2011. Government of India. Retrieved from http://undp.org.in/sites/default/files/MDG_India_2011.pdf; 6 Planning Commission, Government of India. (2012). Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10. 7 New target set for 2014; 8 http://www.undplao.org/mdgs/factsheet/MDG%20fact%20sheet%20Eng%20final.pdf; 9 http://thepovertyline.net/?p=343; 10 http://www.undp.org.np/mdg/; 11http://www.neda.gov.ph/econreports_dbs/ MDGs/4thProgress2010/Presentation%20on%204th%20MDG%20Progress%20Report%20%28Cayetano%20 Paderanga%29.pdf; Aside from income and consumption, other dimensions of poverty have been incorporated in the national poverty reduction strategies (NPRS) and development plans of some of the focal countries. Adopting a rights-based approach, the NPRS of Indonesia characterizes poverty as a situation in which people are unable to exercise their rights, including the right to resource access and right to land. India’s 3
Page 1: Making Forestry Work for the Poor A
Page 4 and 5: © FAO ISBN The designations employ
Page 7 and 8: Contents Foreword .................
Page 9 and 10: Figures Table VII.6. Characteristic
Page 11 and 12: Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annu
Page 13 and 14: MDG Millennium Development Goal MGN
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements This publication o
Page 17: Introduction Overview Peter Walpole
Page 21 and 22: Although poverty alleviation is inc
Page 23 and 24: Past efforts to address poverty thr
Page 25 and 26: Lack of Support for NWFP Developmen
Page 27 and 28: to absorb the large number of peopl
Page 29 and 30: Smallholder tree farming Engaging i
Page 31 and 32: cultures is a major challenge. Cult
Page 33 and 34: 2. Capacity building for individual
Page 35: Poffenberger, M. and Smith-Hanssen,
Page 38 and 39: Life in an unforgiving environment
Page 40 and 41: Forest Policy and Its Objectives Ab
Page 42 and 43: to meet the expenses during communi
Page 44 and 45: Chirata is an important medicinal p
Page 46 and 47: From 2003-04 until 2004-05, revenue
Page 48 and 49: Payment for Environmental Services
Page 50 and 51: The auction yard for pipla at Gelep
Page 52 and 53: Recommendations Pipla collection is
Page 54 and 55: whose incomes are at the lower end.
Page 56 and 57: Figure I.3. Net income per distilla
Page 58 and 59: domestic demand of traditional medi
Page 60 and 61: auction chirata. However, due to In
Page 62 and 63: Product improvement • Improvement
Page 64 and 65: Policy and Planning Division (PPD).
Page 66 and 67: • reforestation and protection of
Page 68 and 69:
Sector Development Plan 2001-2010,
Page 70 and 71:
Forest Policy The RGC endeavors to
Page 72 and 73:
eserved forests and ensure their ap
Page 74 and 75:
It is generally accepted that the e
Page 76 and 77:
contributions to rural livelihoods,
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Case Study 1: Community forest in P
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she can buy a total of two to three
Page 82 and 83:
Members of the Trapang Kbal Khmoach
Page 84 and 85:
Capacity building for CF members Ed
Page 86 and 87:
After the integration of the Khmer
Page 88 and 89:
Livelihood situation after concessi
Page 90 and 91:
for institutional reforms. Based on
Page 92 and 93:
Meta, B. C. (2010). Community-based
Page 94 and 95:
Table III.1. Summary of past NFI re
Page 96 and 97:
During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan p
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nationwide to contract the collecti
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alleviating rural poverty. Collecti
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areas. All these create pressure on
Page 104 and 105:
Table III.5. List of economic fores
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stations, and others. In addition,
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farmers to increase to over US$ 310
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year and his national special care
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enough capital to invest, leading t
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Introduction IV Assessment of the C
Page 117 and 118:
value of forests reflected in the S
Page 119 and 120:
Poverty Alleviation and Forestry in
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Reduction Strategy papers. Furtherm
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Figure IV.1. Coincidence of forests
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Fodder from the forest provided abo
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landless and marginal landholding h
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70% was exported. It is estimated t
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Table IV.5. Registered projects und
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Case Studies Case Study 1: A Tradit
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our land.” All agree that forests
Page 137 and 138:
The forest around the village was d
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Figure IV.2. Value chain analysis W
Page 141 and 142:
A popular tourist attraction in Ker
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Innovative mechanism for resource g
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Outlook for Forestry and Poverty Al
Page 147 and 148:
Wood demand. Trees from non-forest
Page 149 and 150:
their livelihoods. Resolution of po
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Forest Survey of India. (1999). Sta
Page 153 and 154:
Saxena. (1999). NTFP policy and the
Page 155:
a resolution to control seasonal fi
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(MoF 2009). A study by the TREES Pr
Page 160 and 161:
is caused by (i) lack of recognitio
Page 162 and 163:
that the development of the Kaliman
Page 164 and 165:
plantations on community lands. How
Page 166 and 167:
as the subsistence, livelihood and
Page 168 and 169:
As of 2010, MoF was able to issue 2
Page 170 and 171:
for HTI projects. The finding under
Page 172 and 173:
do not follow these agreements or a
Page 174 and 175:
Satyawati’s (1991) field research
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Morgan’s investigation (2011) of
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intercropping in at least 0.25-0.5
Page 180 and 181:
Challenges and ways forward In the
Page 182 and 183:
Challenges The target buyers of the
Page 184 and 185:
end or scale down their operations.
Page 186 and 187:
Increasing the Benefits from Large-
Page 188 and 189:
Kayoi, M. et. al. (2006). Poverty a
Page 190 and 191:
World Bank. (2006a). Sustaining eco
Page 192 and 193:
in neighboring countries that incre
Page 194 and 195:
Poverty Situation Despite the signi
Page 196 and 197:
Subsistence Use of Forests and Allo
Page 198 and 199:
allocated for communities to manage
Page 200 and 201:
growth, increased per capita income
Page 202 and 203:
of 311 villages (38%) preparing the
Page 204 and 205:
Figure VI.1. Important household in
Page 206 and 207:
Recently, Lao PDR was selected as o
Page 208 and 209:
in this case study are based on the
Page 210 and 211:
The contribution of NWFPs to the wh
Page 212 and 213:
4% A brief about Ban Xom Figure VI.
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Table VI.6. Villagers’ opinion on
Page 216 and 217:
The purpose of the SEMFOP 1 was to
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In addition, rice production was re
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mostly to reducing rural poverty. I
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• Enhancingexistingmechanismsands
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18, 2009. National Agriculture and
Page 226 and 227:
(Table VII.2). Government-managed f
Page 228 and 229:
to 2006. On the other hand, the hum
Page 230 and 231:
The community based forest manageme
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for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
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grass and fodder production in both
Page 236 and 237:
Timber market values vary according
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LF area forest Area coverage (ha) N
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as tree cover, biodiversity, NWFP,
Page 242 and 243:
Operational management The operatio
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With regard to timber use, Jaspur C
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the primary forest products that co
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It is not surprising to note that t
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there is a greater chance of progra
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from poor and marginalized families
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Chand, P. B. and Ghimire, K. (2007)
Page 256 and 257:
RECOFTC & FAO. (2009). Is there fut
Page 258 and 259:
Shearman et al. (2008) estimated th
Page 260 and 261:
markets and basic services like hea
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Figure VIII.2. Land and poverty ind
Page 264 and 265:
those in the rural areas, to mobili
Page 266 and 267:
Past and Current Contribution of Fo
Page 268 and 269:
Village industries Village industri
Page 270 and 271:
Government continues to be the prim
Page 272 and 273:
Carbon payments PNG does not have a
Page 274 and 275:
annually and harvest and process an
Page 276 and 277:
The project generally improved the
Page 278 and 279:
and no follow-up was done to sustai
Page 280 and 281:
Forestry being a renewable resource
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Melnick, D., McNeely,J., Navaro, Y.
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Table IX.1. Philippine forest cover
Page 286 and 287:
Livelihood and poverty context in t
Page 288 and 289:
and basic services like health and
Page 290 and 291:
services and quality of human devel
Page 292 and 293:
CBFM is still recognized as a major
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In many parts of the country, colle
Page 296 and 297:
Small-scale Commercial Forestry Non
Page 298 and 299:
Tree plantations from IFMA and smal
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CARAGA region in the Philippines is
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eduction in the log supply contract
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viable spheres of production for sm
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3. Ensure sustainability of raw mat
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Garcia, B. Jr. (2005, December 1).
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Table X.1. Forest area by region, 1
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With the country’s remarkable gai
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Table X.3. Government agencies invo
Page 316 and 317:
Table X.5. Registration of the poor
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poor. What reshaping meant in pract
Page 320 and 321:
Community title The solutions to pr
Page 322 and 323:
for commercial uses up to 2009 were
Page 324 and 325:
demarcated the boundary. At present
Page 326 and 327:
was not degraded forest but that it
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to the livelihoods of rural people.
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• No tree cutting is allowed in t
Page 332 and 333:
“I have never regretted all the f
Page 334 and 335:
costs. The service providers were i
Page 336 and 337:
1. safeguarding and restoring the n
Page 338 and 339:
is, and their right to participate.
Page 340 and 341:
Linking Reforestation, Poverty Alle
Page 342 and 343:
Office of National Economic and Soc
Page 344 and 345:
mountain people (Ha 2009). Presentl
Page 346 and 347:
However, while overall poverty leve
Page 348 and 349:
one of the best forms of management
Page 350 and 351:
26.2% of the total area of forest l
Page 352 and 353:
Box XI.2. Factors constraining FLA
Page 354 and 355:
average to reach US$ 700-800 millio
Page 356 and 357:
River delta and Mekong River delta
Page 358 and 359:
However, Tran (2009) pointed out th
Page 360 and 361:
The Contribution of Traditional Com
Page 362 and 363:
Fuel wood collected from forests is
Page 364 and 365:
The Contribution of Viet Nam Forest
Page 366 and 367:
are provided both input and output
Page 368 and 369:
the PES fund per year, compared to
Page 370 and 371:
Viet Nam’s forestry development s
Page 372 and 373:
Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on the policy
Page 374 and 375:
Sustainable poverty reduction perio
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